One and the Same Method in English and Latin

it does occur, the predicative term is often a phrase-form likewise; as, "Out of debt is out of misery." 'Beyond the river is in our territory." A possessive phrase-form (69) however, not unfrequently constitutes the subject of a participial clause; as, " (Prevented) his going."

239. The Clause-form may be any one of the five varieties of the clause (83) save only the last. When a Demonstrative clause, the proposition is usually introduced by the expletive it; as, "It is said that he is wise."

When an Infinitive clause, the constituents (64) are either divided, by the interposition of the principal verb; or the clause takes the adjunctive form (80); as, " He was reported to be guilty." "For him to be guilty seems strange." Sometimes the proposition is introduced by the expletive; as, "It seems strange for him to be guilty."

When a Participial clause, the constituents are either divided; or the clause has its subject in the possessive case; as, "He was observed walking." "His walking was observed."

When a Relative clause, the constituents are sometimes separated; as, "What, was asked, is the nature of light." Sometimes the proposition is introduced by the expletive; as, "It was asked what is the nature of light."

EXERCISE 24.-Analyze according to the illustrations.

ILLUSTRATION. "His going to sea grieved his parents."

A sentence. His going to sea is the Subj. and grieved his parents is the Pred. The Subj. is of the Part. C-f., of which his is the Subj. of the Poss. P-f., and going to sea is the Pred. of the C-x W-f.; of which going is the B. and modified by to sea a Subt. of the S. P-f.

Grieved his parents is the Pred. of the sentence of the Cx. W-f.: of which grieved is the B. and modified by his parents, a Subt. of the Cx W-f.; of which parents is the B. and modified by his a Subt. of the Poss. P-f.

"What was sought was found."

A sentence. What was sought is the Subj. and was found is the Pred. The Subj is of the Rel. C-f.; of which what is the Subj. of the S. W-f., and was sought is the Pred. of the S. W-f. Was found the Pred. of the sentence is of the S. W-f.

A sentence. They to move is the Subj. and seem is the Pred. The Subj. is of the Inf. C-t., of which they is the Subj. of the S. W-f., and to move is the Pred. of the S. W-f.

"It seems that they move."

A sentence. That they move is the Subj. and seems is the Pred. The Subj. is of the Dem. C-f.; of which they is the Subj. of the S. W-f. and move is the Pred. of the S. W-f. The Pred. of the sentence, seems, is of the S. W-f. It is the expletive or grammatical case-form.

"For them to move seems strange."

A sentence. For them to move is the Subj. of the Adjunc. Inf. C-f.;

of which them is the Subj. of the S. W-f., and to move is the Pred. of the S. W-f. The Pred. of the sentence seems strange is of the Cx. W-f., of which seems is the B. and modified by strange a Subt. of the S. W-f.

1. They were expected to come. 2. It was expected that they would come. 3. They appeared to advance. 4. It seemed that they were advancing. 5. They were seen advancing. 6. Their advancing was observed. 7. Whether he told the truth is unknown. 8. When letters were invented is not known. 9. It is known why he resigned. 10. It appears that he has resigned. 11. Whether he is honest is doubted. 12. He seems to know the facts. 13. His coming was unexpected. 14. How nature works does not appear. 15. Where the garden of Eden was is

often discussed.

SEC. V.-THE SUBSTANTIVE TERM (Con.)

THE OBJECT.

240. The Object is that which completes the meaning of the predicative term. Here again, as in the case of the subject (233) we must distinguish between the object and the grammatical form. Thus, "Struck him." Here the object is the person struck, the grammatical form the word" him."

Hence the object is a very different thing from the objective

case.

241. Note the difference between the Object and the Case-form in the following. "Heard Mary singing." Obj. case-form Mary. True object, Mary singing. "Saw the army move." Obj. case-form, army. Object, the army (to) move.

242. The Objective element usually completes the meaning of a verb or participle. (18.) It may, however, be used to complete the meaning of a noun or adjective, when the latter are predicative in force. Thus, in the examples, "Desires praise." "Desiring praise." "Desirous of praise." "A desire of praise," the subordinate in each case, has the same logical force and is therefore in each case an objective element in logical force, though adverbial or adjective in point of name. (253. 265)

243. The Word-form of the object, as in the case of the subject, may be any part of speech which can be used as a substantive term.

244. The Phrase-form is very common, and involves the use of a large number of prepositions as relation-words. (See Part. II. Objective Element.)

245. The Clause-form may be any one of the five regular clauseforms (83) excepting only the conjunctive clause. In this use, Infinitive clauses always have their subject expressed by an objective case;

Participial clauses have their subject expressed by an objective or a possessive case; as, " (Saw) him going." (Encouraged) his going."

246. When the object is of the Demonstrative clause-form, the subject is sometimes repeated; as, "Then Manassah knew that the Lord he is God" (that the Lord is God.) (14.) This is called the mixed objective form. It occurs not unfrequently in the Old Testament, in our tongue, and is very common in the Greek language.

EXERCISE 25.-Analyze, noting carefully the Objective elements. ILLUSTRATION. "The conquest of Mexico."

وو

An element of the Cx. W-f. Conquest" is the B. and modified by "of Mexico an adjective element of the S. P-f. denoting the object. Conquest of Mexico" is a second B., and modified by "the" a subordinate of the S. W-f.

"Asked what was wanted."

An element of the Cx. W-f. "Asked" is the B. and modified by the remainder, an objective element of the Rel. C-f.; of which "what" is the Subj. of the S. W-f., and "was wanted" is the Pred. of the S. W-f. "Says they were defeated."

An element of the Cx. W-f. 66 Says" is the B. of the S. W-f., and modified by the remainder, an objective element of the Dem. C-f., of which they" is the Subj. of the S. W-f., and "were defeated" is the Pred. of the S. W-f.

"Sure of his coming.".

An element of the Cx. W-f. "Sure" is the B. and modified by "of his coming" an Obj. El. of the Adjunc. Part. C-f.; of which "his" is the Subj. of the Poss. P-f., and "coming" is the Pred. of the S. W-f.

17. Beheld

1. The desolation of the country. 2. A desire of wisdom. 3. Desirous of praise. 4. Certain of their going. 5. Certain that they will go. 6. Uncertain whether they will go. 7. Knew who came. 8. Knows where you are. 9. Told when they came. 10. The burning of the ship. 11. Beheld our (242) destruction. 12. Advocates whatever pleases. 13. Lost what ability he had. 14. Objects to what they desire. 15. Saw a machine mowing. 16. Saw a mowing machine. the ship steam up the river. 18. Beheld the steam-ship up the river. 19. Observed them watching us. 20. They were observed watching us. 21. Their watching us was observed. 22. Saw the inventor of the cotton gin. 23. For a few to bear all the burdens is unfair. 24. What reason prescribes they do. 25. For men to fight is diabolical. 26. Fears lest (84) you will fail. 27. "I know thee stranger who thou art." Milton. (246)

SEC. VI. THE ATTRIBUTIVE TERM.

247. The Attributive term performs three distinct offices, viz. :

1. The Adjective.

2. The Adverbial.

3. The Predicative.

248. An Attributive element is used adjectively when employed as a modifier of any Substantive term; as, W-f., " Good men." P-f., "Men of goodness." C-f., Men who are good"

249. An Attributive element is used adverbially when employed as a modifier of,

1. A Predicative term, as, W-f., "Deals honestly." P-f., "Deals with honesty." C-f., " Deals as if he were honest."

2. Another Attributive term, as W-f., " Very good." (B. Adj. Att.) "Very rapidly." (B. Adv. Att.) P-f., "Modest to excess." (B. Adj. Att.) "By far more noble." (B. Adv. Att.) C-f., "Things such as we prize." (B. Adj. Att.) "Walked rapidly so that he was weary." (B. Adv. Att.)

250. It must be remembered that elements which are used, not to modify, but to complete the meaning of a predicative term are objective and not attributive.

251. An Attributive element is used predicatively when, with the copula, it constitutes a predicative term; as, W-f., "He is good." P-f., "He is in health." C-f., "The sentence was that he should die."

252. The predicative adjective, will be farther discussed hereafter in connection with the predicative term.

SEC. VII. THE ADJECTIVE ELEMENT.

253.

Whatever modifies a Substantive term of whatever

class or order (156) is an Adjective element.

A boy." "The boys."

254. The Word-form is commonly, grammatically considered,
1. An Adjective; as "Wise men."
"Ten men."
2. An Article; as, 66
3. A Noun; as," Gold watches." "Russia iron."
4. A Pronoun (of any kind); "This house."
"Which house." 66
Every house." "I myself."
5. A Participle; as, "Singing birds." Ploughed lands."

255. The Word-form is sometimes, also. (20)

"Any house."

1. An Adverb; as, "The then ministry." "The hither side." "A forward movement."

2. A Preposition; "A by path." "The through train." "An under garment."

256. The Word-form is frequently an appositive, as, “The city Rome." "We ourselves." They the people."

257. The Phrase-form more commonly takes the preposition of; as, "Men of wisdom." Any preposition however may be used; as, A walk with you." "The hour for dinner.” "Walks about town," &c. 258. The Phrase-form is often an appositive (202) as, "The vice of covetousness." "The habit of smoking." "The city of Rome." It is

sometimes a possessive; (69) as, "A book of mine." "A house of yours."

259. The Clause-form is commonly a Relative clause; as, "Men whom I saw." "Persons to whom I spoke." "Places where I went." "The time when he arrived." "The business whereby he lives." 260. The Clause-form is frequently an appositive; as, 66 The question what is light." (Rel. App.) "The order that we must march." (Dem. App.) "The order for us to march." (Adjunc. Inf. App.) order for our marching.” (Adjunc. Part. App.)

"The

261. Appositives of the Relative clause-form must not be confounded with simple Relative adjective clauses. The former, it will be remembered, are substantive elements (198) as well as adjective elements. Hence the entire clause, as a substantive, denotes precisely the same thing as its base. Thus, "The inquiry, what is light." Here the two terms 66 inquiry" " and "what is light" mean precisely the same. Again, "The inquiry which was made concerning light." Here the two terms " inquiry" and the entire relative clause, "which was made, &c.," do not mean the same. The difference is manifest. Again, the word namely, may be always used before a Rel. App., and the sense will be even improved. This however is not truc of the simple Rel. Adj. clause.

262. The Relative Indefinite clause (311) when used as an adjective modifier, is always an appositive; as, "Whomsoever he saw idle him he punished," (= punished him, viz., whomsoever, &c.)

263. When the base of a Relative adjective clause is itself a clause, the former is always introduced by the relative pronoun which or what; as, "That system is indispensable, what they were slow to learn is now manifest."

264. The base of a Relative adjective clause is sometimes a possessive. This singular construction arises from the fact, that a possessive is always equivalent to a phrase-form, that is, a substantive term and a relation-word, the former of which, in this implied construction is conceived of as the real antecedent or base. Thus, "How dreadful is his condition, who is doomed to a life of servitude," (= condition of him who,)

EXERCISE 26.-Analyze according to the illustrations. ILLUSTRATION. "The sun's bright beams."

"Sun's

An element of the Cx. W-f.; of which "beams" is the B. and modified by "bright" an Adj. El. of the S. W-f. "Bright beams" is a second B. and modified by "sun's" a possessive Adj. El. of the S. P-f. bright beams" is a third B. and modified by "the" an Adj. El. of the S. W-f.

"The earnest request that you would come.”

An element of the Cx. W-f.; of which "request" is the B. and modified by "earnest" an Adj. El. of the S. W-f. "Earnest request" is a second B. and modified by "that you would come an Adj. El. of the Dem. C-f. "Earnest request" &c., is a third B. and modified by an Adj. El. of the S. W-f.

"the"

"Places in the tropics where vegetation is luxuriant." "Places" is the B. and modified by "in the tropics" an Adj. El. of the Cx. P-f.; of which "in tropics" is the

An element of the Cx. W-f.

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One and the Same Method in English and Latin: A New and Original System ...