B. and modified by "the" an Adj. El. of the S. W-f. "Places in the tropics" is a second B. and modified by " where vegetation is luxuriant" an Adj. El. of the Rel. C-f.

"That they were defeated an unaccountable disaster."

An element of the Cx. C-f. "That they were defeated" is the B. of the Dem. C-f., and modified by "an unaccountable disaster" an App Adj. El. of the Cx. W-f.; of which "disaster" is the B. and modified by "unaccountable" an Adj. El. of the S. W.f. "Unaccountable disaster" is a second B. and modified by "an" an Adj. El. of the S. W-f.

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They all attending each to his own work."

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An element of the Cx. W-f. "They" is the B. and modified by "all" an Adj. El. of the S. W-f. They all" is a second B. and modified by "each" an App. Adj. El. of the S. W-f. They all each " is a third B. and modified by the remainder, an Adj. El. of the Cx. W-f.; of which " attending" is the B. and modified by the remainder, an Adv. (265) El. of the Cx. P-f. "To work" is the B. and modified by own an Adj. El. of the S. W-f., and “own work" is a second B. and modified by "his" an Adj. El. of the S. Poss. P-f.

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2. A road through a

1. The President's proclamation. tangled growth of underbrush. 3. Scouts to watch the enemy. 4. Two huge round pillars of Parian marble. 5. Armaments which thunder-strike the walls of rock-built cities. 6. Various reasons why we remained. 7. The place where Warren fell. 8. Men on whom we relied. 9. Several lots from the sale of which he became rich. 10. All questions of whatever nature they may be. 11. The melancholy thought that we must die. 12. That we must die, a melancholy thought. 13. The vicious habit of drinking and smoking. 14. The great question, what is the future world? 15. A question that none can answer. 16. Whoever honored him, the same he honored. 17. "His presence who made all so fair."-Cowper.

SEC. VIII.-THE ADVERBIAL ELEMENT.

265. Whatever modifies a Predicative term, otherwise than as an objective, which more properly completes than limits a modifier, (250), or another Attributive term, of whatever class or order, is an Adverbial Element.

266. The Word-form is commonly,

1. An Adverb; as, "Studies attentively." 66

"Extremely wise."

'Very attentively."

2. A Participle; as, "Came running." "Rode sleeping." "Scald

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ing hot." Passing strange."

3. A Noun; as, "A head taller." "A mile farther." "An inch wider." "Stone blind."

267. The Word-form is sometimes (20),

1. An Adjective; as, “Drink deep, or taste not."-Pope.
"May speak louder or softer."-Sheridan.

2. An Article; as,

"The more we have the more we want." "Not

the less true." "Was a little afraid."

3. A Pronoun; as, "What boots it at one gate to make defence."Shakspeare.

4. A Verb; as, "Smack went the whip."

5. A Conjunction; as, " Were but born to die."

6. A Preposition; as, "Goes in and out." "Walks up and down." 268. The Phrase-form may take any preposition; as "Walks with rapidity." "Came in haste." "Arrived before sunrise."

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269. The Clause-form is commonly a relative or a conjunctive clause: as 'Studies because he wishes to learn." "Arrived before the sun rose." "Works that he may live." "Started when it was day." "Came where

we were."

270. The Participial clause is sometimes used as; "The business finished we went onward." "The sun having set they departed."

This adverbial use of the Participial clause is very extensive in the classical languages.

271. Adverbial elements are sometimes used to modify relation-words. This occurs however only with such relation-words as involve an idea of space or distance; as, " Considerably beyond them." "Just below." "A little above." "Much beneath."

EXERCISE 27.-Note carefully the Objective, the Adjective, and the Adverbial elements.

ILLUSTRATION. "Studies while he can."

An element of Cx. W-f. "Studies" is the B. and modified by "while he can" an Adv. El. of the Rel. C-f.

"Eats to live."

An element of the Cx. W-f.; of which "cats" is the B. and modified by "to live" an Adv. El. of the S. W-f.

"Works with rapidity and success."

An element of the Cx. W-f. "Works" is the B. and modified by "with rapidity and success an Adv. El. of the Cd. P-f.

"Trees fifty feet high."

An El. of the Cx. W-f. "Trees" is the B. of the S. W-f. and modified by "fifty feet high” an Adj. El. of the Cx. W-f.; of which “high” is the B. and modified by "fifty feet" an Adv. El. of the Cx. W-f.; of which "feet" is the B. and modified by "fifty" an Adj. El. of the S. W-f.

1. Very noble men. 2. A rapid upward flight. 3. Cares not a farthing (266.3) for this. 4. Roads many miles long. 5. Logs

rich.

three feet thick. 6. Walls a yard higher. 7. Came yesterday. 8. Uncommonly beautiful. 9. Thinks he is very 10. Was there yesterday. 11. Writes very neatly and quite rapidly. 12. Believes he will succeed. 13. Learns most rapidly. 14. The grave where he was buried. 15. Sowed the seed where the soil was rich. 16. Will be respected wherever he may be. 17. Remembers what he reads. 18. Speaks always so as to be heard. 19. "A tall awkward country lad, with a lounging gait."-Irving. 20. "A spring of pure sweet water that stole out of the side of the hill."-Ibid. 21. "Those consonants whose sounds cannot be protracted."-Murray. 22. "Philosophy whose end is to in-. struct us in the knowledge of human nature.' - Campbell. 23. "Remembers best those things whose parts are methodically arranged and mutually connected."-Beattie. 24. "Hemm'd around with woes, which, who that suffers, would not kneel and beg for exile.”—Cowper. 25. "Eden was a scene of harmless sport, where kindness on His part, who ruled the whole, begot a tranquil confidence in all."-Ibid.

SEC. IX.-THE ADVERBIAL ELEMENT, (Con.)

272. The exact logical connections of some forms of the Adverbial modifiers with their bases, is not manifest at once. These require some care and study. We can, perhaps, best learn the nature of these constructions by a few illustrations.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

"Men as wise as Solomon."

An El. of the Cx. W-f. "Men" is the B. and modified by the remainder, an Adj. El. of the Cx. W-f., of which "wise" is the B. and modified by "as (so) as Solomon" an Adv. El. of the Cx. W-f.; of which" as " (so) is the B. and modified by as Solomon an Adv. El. of the S. W-f. (conjunc.)

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"Such a noise that I cannot talk.

An element of the Cx. W-f. "Noise" is the B. and modified by "Such that I cannot talk," an Adj. El. of the Cx. W-f.; of which "Such" is the B. and modified by "that I cannot talk" an Adv. El. of the Conj. C-f. The whole is modified by "a" an Adj. El. of the S. W-f.

"Too tired to sleep."

An element of the Cx. W-f. "Tired" is the B. and modified by "too too much) to sleep" an Adv. El. of the Cx. W-f.; of which " too (=too much) is the B. and modified by "to sleep" an Adv. El. of the S. W-f.

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"Has more money than I."

An element of the Cx. W-f. "Has" is the B. and modified by the remainder an Obj. El. of the Cx. W-f.; of which "money" is the B. and modified by more than I" an Adj. El. of the Cx. W-f.; of which "more" is the B. and modified by "than I" (= than I have) an Adv. El. of the Conj. C-f.

"The same man that I saw."

وو

An element of the Cx. W-f. "Man" is the B. and modified by "same that (whom) I saw an Adj. El. of the Cx. W-f.; of which " same is the B. and modified by "that (= whom) I saw an Adv. El. (265) of the Rel. C-f.; of which "I" is the Subj. of the S. W-f., and " is the Pred. of the Cx. W-f. 66 Saw" is the B. and modified by "that" an Obj. El. of the S. W-f.

"Such things as we have.”

saw that"

An element of the Cx. W-f. "Things" is the B. and modified by "such as (which) we have" an Adj. El. of the Cx. W-f. "Such" is the B. and modified by "as (= which) we have" an Adv. El. of the Rel. C-f.; of which "we" is the Subj. of the S. W-f. and "have as" (=which) is the Pred. of the Cx. W-f. "Have" is the B. and modified by 66 as" an Obj. El. of the S. W-f.

"Men so ignorant as to be credulous."

"Men

وو

An element of the Cx. W-f. is the B. and modified by the remainder an Adj. El. of the Cx. W-f.; of which "ignorant" is the B. and modified by 80 (so much) as to be credulous" an Adv. El. of the Cx. W-f.; of which " so" is the B. and modified by "as to be credulous" an Adv. El. of the S. W-f. (conj.)

“The most learned man in Europe."

An element of the Cx. W-f. "Man" is the B. and modified by "most learned in Europe" and Adj. El. of the Cx. W-f.; of which "learned" is the B. and modified by "most in Europe "* an Adv. El. of the Cx. W-f.; of which "most" is the B. and modified by "in Europe" an Adv. El. of the S. P-f.

"The most interesting book that I ever saw.”

An element of the Cx. W-f. "Book" is the B. and modified by 66 most interesting that I ever saw" an Adj. El. of the Cx. W-f.; of which "interesting is the B. and modified by "most that I ever saw" an Adv. El. of the Cx. W-f.; of which "most" is the B. and modified by "that I ever saw (=of all the books that (=which) I ever saw) an Adv. El. of the Rel. C-f.

"The smartest scholar in the class."

An element of the Cx. W-f. "Scholar" is the B. and modified by "smartest in the class" an Adj. El. of the Cx. W-f.; of which "smart"

*The sense is not the most learned man, but the most in Europe learned man, i. e. the most learned man of all the men in Europe. There may be others more learned, somewhere in the world.

is the B. and modified by "est (= most) in the class" an Adv. El. of the Cx. W-f.; of which "est" (= most) is the B. and modified by "in the class" an Adv. El. of the Cx. P-f.

Lived many years ago."

An element of the Cx. W-f. "Lived" is the B. and modified by the remainder, an Adv. El. of the Cx. W-f.; of which " ago" is the B. and modified by "many years" (271) an Adv. El. of the Cx. W-f.; of which "years" is the B. and modified by "many" an Adj. El. of the S. W-f. EXERCISE 28.-Analyze according to the models. Note carefully the Objective, Adjective and Adverbial modifiers.

13.

15.

1. Farms as fertile as gardens. 2. Farms too stony to plough. 3. Such waves as (=which) I never saw before. 4. Will come as soon as possible. 5. Objects so bright as to dazzle the eyes. 6. The same person that you met. 7. Many and heretofore unknown problems, so plain as to require no explanation. 8. Roads so muddy as to prevent travel. 9. People wiser than the ancients. 10. Friends as kind as near relatives. 11. Became so fatigued that he could not sleep. 12. Has more money than brains. Land too barren to cultivate. 14. Acts like a mad man. Will go if you will stay. 16. The most beautiful garden that I ever saw. 17. The wisest man in America. 18. The finest house on the street. 19. "A flock of idle crows sporting high in air, about a dry tree that overhung a sunny precipice.”Irving. 20. "Nicholas Vedder a patriarch of the village and landlord of the inn at which he took his seat."-Ibid. 21. "Will certainly do whatever thing goeth out of our own mouth,”—Bible.

SEC. X.-THE PREDICATIVE TERM.

273. Predicative terms are those which designate actions or states (17). They may perform four distinct offices, viz:

1. The Declarative.

2. The Imperative.

3. The Interrogative.

4. The Exclamatory.

274. A Declarative predicative is one that makes a direct assertion; as, "We study." "Roses are red."

275. An Imperative predicative is one that expresses,

1. Compulsion.

3. Exhortation.

2. Command.

4. Entreaty.

5. Wish.