388. The base of a possessive subordinate is sometimes omitted; as, "This is John's (book)." In many cases, however, the possessive is used alone, by an idiom of our language, rather than by ellipsis, as in the case of the forms, mine, thine, ours, yours, theirs, and other possessives when used adjunctively; as, "A book of mine." "This is thine." "A remark

of his."

389. The possessive element has no grammatical agreement in number or otherwise with its base. Hence the latter should always be singular unless the sense demands the plural; as, "For our sake," (not sakes). "Were we in their place," (not places).

390. The possessive element must, however, agree with its antecedent in gender, number and person; as, They accomplish their work." "He did his duty." "She reads her book."

391. A possessive word-form is often equivalent to a phrase-form with the preposition (69); as, "My father's house." "The house of my father."

392. Not so, however, when the subordinate denotes Material and Constituency, Supply, Inclusion, the Suffering or Factitive Object, (see Part II), and some other relations; as, "A building of stone," (not a stone's building). A pail of water." "A section of a circle." "The destruction of property," &c.

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393. The possessive pronouns, however, may be used to express an objective element; as, "The destruction of us," (= Our destruction) (242)." "The defeat of them all,” (= Their entire defeat."

EXERCISE 40.-Correct such examples as are faulty in any respect, explain why. Analyze and parse each example.

1. The physician's and the surgeon's advice. 2. Two month's notice. 3. Bought Andrews' and Stoddard's Latin Grammar. 4. Purchased Worcester's and Webster's Dictionary. 5. Adam's and Eve's Creator is our Creator. 6. Read about Jacob's and Esau's father. 7. Have heard of Cæsar's and Napoleon's victories. 8. The Bishop of London's excellent book. 9. Edward the Second of England's Queens. 10. Called at Smith the bookseller and stationers. 11. Stopped at Johnson's, a merchant in Broadway. 12. Emulated Cæsar, the greatest general of antiquity's bravery. 13. General Taylor's, President of the United States, an excellent man and brave soldier's residence. Thompson's and Company's office in Broadway. Mason the draper and taylor's on South Street. and Watts survey of the Divine Dispensations. his parents and his guardians will. 18. His fathers and mothers

14.

15. Called at 16. Edwards 17. His own

name. 19. For Herodias sake his brother Philip's wife. 20. The troops broke into Leopolds the Empress palace. 21. The sailors were boiling their dinners upon the shore. 22. Industry on our parts is not superseded. 23. All liars shall have their part in the burning lake. 24. By discovering their abilities to detect errors.

SEC. XII.-THE SUBSTANTIVE TERM, (Con.)

THE ADJUNCTIVE ELEMENT.

394. A substantive of the word-form used as the significant term in a phrase-form, (68) is put in the Objective case; "Spoke to me." "Talked about him." "Whom did you speak to." “This I am sure of." "Him I conferred with."

as,

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" A

395. In a few instances, as in the possessive phrase-form, (69) the substantive is put in the possessive case; as, A book of theirs." remark of his."

396. When the adjunctive word apparently indicates the subject of a proposition it is put in the nominative case (366); as, "He was spoken to." "He was believed to have been referred to." "He to him) was told a story."

Grammatical mistakes can occur here only in the use of the five inflected pronouns.

EXERCISE 31.- Correct where necessary, and explain why. Analyze and parse.

1. Whom did you speak of. 2. Between you and I, he is in fault. 3. Who did you give that letter to. 4. Let whoever you wish be present. 5. All came except he who was so much talked about. 6. Asked him whom he gave that letter to. 7. Spoke of some one I know not who. 8. Works for whomsoever hires him. 9. Told who he placed most confidence in. 10. Called on Mrs. B., she who you spoke of yesterday. 11. Do not remember who they were for. 12. Told whom he complained of. 13. Inquired whom he said it was from.

14. "Are still much at

15. "Cannot tell 16. "Was some

a loss who civil power belongs to."-Locke. who to compare them to."-Bunyan's P. P. resemblance between this good man and I.”—Ibid. 17. "Brought themselves in to the hands and house of I do not know who."Ibid. 18. "Should always bear the certain marks who they

came from."-Bishop Butler. 19. At York fifteen hundred Jews were refused all quarter (73, 76). 20. Let there be none but thee and I. 21. This is a small matter between you and I. 22. All, save I, were at rest and enjoyment. 23. There was no one in the room except her. 24. Who should I meet the other day but her. 25. Who is he speaking to. 26. Whom did you send for. 27. Who did you buy it of. 28. Whom shall we send. 29. Never make a friendship before knowing whom the person is you are choosing (126). 30. Him who led them to battle being killed they immediately retreated.

31. "This life has joys for you and I,

And joys that riches ne'er could buy.”—Burns.

THE ATTRIBUTIVE TERM. THE ADJECTIVE ELEMENT.

397. The Grammatical regimen of the Adjective Element regards chiefly the following, viz:

1. Euphony.

2. Ellipsis.

3. Agreement.

4. Use of Comparatives and Superlatives.

5. Use of Relatives.

SEC. XIII.-EUPHONY AND ELLIPSIS.

398. The article a should be used before consonant sounds, and an before vowel sounds. A word beginning with h sounded, if accented on the second syllable, is usually treated as if beginning with a vowel.

399. In the case of the possessive adjective element, the s is sometimes omitted when the first word ends, and the second begins with an s, or an s-sound; as, "For righteousness' sake." "For conscience' sake."

EXERCISE 42.-Correct such examples as are faulty, and explain why. Analyze and parse.

1. An interest; an humble petitioner; an African; an heretic; an heretical opinion; a harangue; a hyena; a hiatus; a harmony; a history; a historical account; a hyperbole; a hypothesis; a hexagon; a hexagonal figure; a human being; a hopeful young man; a unity of interest; such a use of it; such a one; a eulogy; a union. 2. Argus is said to have had an hundred

eyes.

3. He has found another and a better friend. 4. The matter deserves an impartial, careful and thorough investigation. 5. Says he has read the Old and New Testament. 6. He is said to have read the Old and New Testaments. 6. Has travelled over both the Old and the New World. 7. Is a better arithmetician than grammarian. 8. A hot and cold spring came from under the same rock. 9. The sick and the wounded were left at this place. 10. The figure is a globe, ball, or sphere. 11. A fine treatise on the sublime and beautiful. 12. Both the house and barn were consumed by fire. 13. Not the use, but the abuse of worldly things is sinful. 14. The oak, ash and maple are the principal trees.

SEC. XIV.-AGREEMENT.

400. Adjectives must agree in number with their bases as, "A man." "This man." "Some men." "Those men," &c.

;

401. REMARK. With the exception of the word this which has a plural form, this rule has only a logical significance. There can be no grammatical agreement between adjectives and nouns in our language since we have no number inflections.

402. Possessive pronouns agree with their antecedents in gender, number and person (390); as, " We do our duty." "He does his duty." "She does her duty." "They do their duty." "James and John do their duty" (346). "James or John will do his duty" (346). "The army did its duty" (344). "The court gave their opinion" (344). "Every man has his faults" (345). "The patriot and scholar left his home" (347).

403. When the antecedent is a compound element, grammatically singular (346), the co-ordinates of which are of different genders, we are compelled, through want of a pronoun of the common gender form and singular number, to resort to a repetition of pronouns of appropriate gender; as, "If any boy or girl shall fail in his or her lessons." EXERCISE 43.- Correct such examples as are faulty, and explain Analyze and parse.

why.

1. This kind of books. 2. Six fathom deep. 3. Seventy head of cattle. 4. A fleet of sixty sail. 4. By that means. 5. Those sort of things. 6. The first and second verse. 7. Have worked ten days. 8. Every man, woman and child lost their (348) way. 9. Each of us had more than he wanted. 10. Both cold and heat have their extremes. 11. Neither cold nor heat have (346) their extremes here. 12. You and your friend should do your

duty. 14. He and you must do your duty. 15. Every plant and every flower shows their divine authorship. 16. No boy or girl will neglect her duty. 17. Each day and each hour brings its changes. 18. The Assembly held its meetings daily. 19. Either the one or the other has lost his position. 20. "Are you not ashamed to have no other thoughts than that of amassing wealth."-Goldsmith. 21. "This good tidings of the reign shall be published throughout all the world."-Campbell. 22. "Many things are not that which they appear to be."-Sanborn's Grammar. 23. "A present of forty camel's load of the most precious things of Syria."-Wood. 24. If none of you will bring your horses to camp I will let mine remain. 25. I noticed which of the men finished their work. 26. The sister as well as the brother should perform his share of household duties. 27. Every soldier and every officer remained awake at his station. 28. Let every governor and every legislator do as they think best. 29. Poverty and wealth have each their temptations. 30. The first object of the multitude was to organize themselves (344) into a body. 31. The Society will hold their meetings in the Vestry hereafter.

XV.-COMPARISON.

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404. The Phrase-form always includes in itself the person or the thing compared; as, "He is the better of the two,-the best of all, the best among us." Here two, all and us include the person compared.

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405. In this form of comparison there is often an ellipsis of the phrase-form; as, He is the best scholar (of all the scholars) in the class." "He is the best scholar (of all the scholars) that I ever saw." Here, manifestly, "all the scholars in the class," and "all the scholars that I ever saw," include the scholar compared.

"The

So, "London is the largest city in Europe" (= of all the cities, &c.) "The greatest general of the age" (= of all the generals, &c.) most remarkable copy of the Bible extant" (= of all the copies, &c.)

406. The clause-form of comparison always excludes the person or the thing compared; as, "He is a better scholar than any other scholar in the class (is)." "He is as good a scholar as any other in the class (is)." Here the clause-forms introduced by than and as denote persons entirely exclusive of the person compared.

407. It must be noted that where the Relative clause-form is used,