The remains of the town occupy some undulating ground, of less elevation, a quarter of a mile to the northward. This also forms a rectangle, one-fifth by one-third of a mile in size; through the middle runs lengthwise a straight street, twenty feet in width. The walls of some of the ruins are thirty feet high, and cross each other at right angles. The buildings were apparently connected together, except where the streets intervened. The larger areas were again divided by thinner partitions, and one of them was observed to contain four rectangular pits, the plastering of which appeared quite fresh.

The annexed wood-cut will give a representation of the ground, &c.; both are from sketches made by Lieutenant Underwood.

GROUND PLAN OF PACHACAMAC.

No traces of doors or windows towards the streets could be discovered, nor indeed any where else. The walls were exclusively of sun-dried brick, and their direction, northeast and southwest, the same as those of the temple, which fronted the sea.

Some graves were observed to the southward of the temple, but the principal burying-ground was between the temple and town. Some of the graves were rectangular pits, lined with a dry wall of stone, and covered with layers of reeds and canes, on which the earth was filled in to the depth of a foot or more, so as to be even with the surface. The skulls brought from this place were of various characters; the majority presented the vertical elevation, or raised occiput, the usual characteristic of the ancient Peruvians, while others had the forehead and top of the head depressed. Eight of these were obtained, and are now deposited at Washington. The bodies were found enveloped in cloth of various qualities, and a variety in its colours still existed.

Various utensils and other articles were found, which seemed to denote the occupation of the individual: wooden needles and weaving utensils; netting made in the usual style; a sling; cordage of various kinds; a sort of coarse basket; fragments of pottery, and plated stirrups. They also found various vegetable substances: husks of

Indian corn, with ears of two varieties, one with the grain slightly pointed, the other, the short and black variety, which is still very commonly cultivated; cotton seeds; small bunches of wool; gourdshells, with a square hole cut out, precisely as is done at present. These furnished evidence of the style of the articles manufactured before the arrival of the Spaniards, and of the cultivation of the vegetable products; when to these we add the native tuberous roots (among them the potato) cultivated in the mountains, and the animals found domesticated, viz., the llama, dog, and Guinea pig, and the knowledge of at least one metal, we may judge what has since been acquired.

The embarkation of the party was attended with risk, but they all got on board the Flying-Fish without accident.

Mr. Knox also visited the island of Pachacamac, during the day, but did not succeed in finding any graves. He obtained, however, some interesting geological specimens.

In a few hours they again reached the anchorage at Callao.

CHAPTER XIV.

CONTENTS.

SELF-AGGRANDIZEMENT THE OBJECT OF RULERS-END OF REVOLUTIONARY WARGENERAL BOLIVAR DICTATOR-HIS AUTHORITY CEASES-GENERAL LA MAR ELECTEDGAMARRA'S TREACHERY-LA MAR ARRESTED AND BANISHED-GAMARRA AND LAFUENTE ELECTED-ATTEMPTS TO SEIZE LAFUENTE-HIS ESCAPE-EXECUTION OF MAJOR ROSEL— CONVENTION CONVOKED - GAMARRA RESIGNS-ORBEJOSO ELECTED - REVOLUTION BY BERMUDEZ AND GAMARRA-BERMUDEZ CAPTURED-ORBEJOSO'S AUTHORITY RESTORED SALAVERRY REVOLTS · DECLARES HIMSELF SUPREME DICTATOR — UNITES WITH GAMARRA-GAMARRA DEFEATED-ARRESTED BY SALAVERRY AND BANISHED-SALAVERRY MARCHES AGAINST SANTA CRUZ BATTLE OF SOCABAYA — SALAVERRY DEFEATED-TAKEN PRISONER-TRIED AND SHOT-ORBEJOSO REINSTATED-TREATY WITH CHILI NULLIFIED SANTA CRUZ'S INTRIGUES DISMEMBERMENT OF PERU ASSEMBLY OF SICUANI-SANTA CRUZ NAMED SUPREME PROTECTOR-CONVENTION OF HUARA - GENERAL FREYRE FITS OUT AN EXPEDITION CHILIAN CONSUL-GENERAL EVADES THE EMBARGO-SEIZURE OF PERUVIAN VESSELS-NEGOTIATION-CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES—INVASION OF ALTA PERU-DISASTROUS CAMPAIGN-TREATY OF PEACERETURN OF CHILIAN ARMY-CHILIAN GOVERNMENT REFUSES TO RATIFY THE TREATY LEGION OF HONOUR-DISCONTENT AT SANTA CRUZ'S POLICY-WAR AGAIN COMMENCED - EXPEDITION FROM CHILI - INVASION OF PERU-BATTLE OF LIMA- LIMA TAKEN - ORBEJOSO ESCAPES - GAMARRA NAMED PRESIDENT-SANTA CRUZ MARCHES UPON LIMA-CHILIANS EMBARK-LAND AT HUARA-PURSUED BY SANTA CRUZ-BATTLE OF YUNGAI - SANTA CRUZ TOTALLY DEFEATED – ESCAPES TO LIMA THENCE TO AREQUIPA-SEEKS REFUGE ON BOARD A BRITISH SHIP OF WAR-BULNES SAILS AGAIN FOR CALLAO- DISEMBARKS HIS TROOPS TAKES POSSESSION OF LIMA - CONGRESS CONVOKED-GAMARRA ELECTED PRESIDENT-RESULTS OF BATTLE OF YUNGAI-BULNES WITH HIS ARMY RETURN TO CHILI-GAMARRA GOES TO AID BOLIVIA-HIS FORCES ROUTED, AND HIMSELF KILLED - CHARACTER OF BOLIVAR LA MARGAMARRA LAFUENTE-ORBEJOSO-SALAVERRY-SANTA CRUZ-HIS ACTS-COMMERCE-PERU AND CHILI-IMPORTS-EXPORTS-TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES.