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4. Then partly interfering and partly coinciding with these are the Radical and Conservative political parties. 5. The religious parties-the Protestant against the Roman Catholic.

6. Also in Montreal, as a seat of commerce, there are the agricultural and commercial parties; among whom the free-trade movement, as with us, but especially in its relations to timber, and to reciprocity with the States, has been a great bone of contention. It is the latter of these parties which has mainly supported the Annexation

movement.

7. And, lastly, city and municipal affairs have formed parties purely local, whose feelings on these matters complicate the other differences.

In these numerous parties, among a small population of 50,000, just large enough to furnish materials for giving a certain degree of importance and consistency to each, without affording a marked preponderance to any, there are surely abundant materials for easy disorder and sudden excitement. And if it be farther the case, as I was generally informed-correctly, as I should judge from my own limited experience—that in Montreal all these parties are very bitter against each other on occasions of excitement, and, even in ordinary times, co-operate little with each other, the wonder will be rather that the city should have remained so long quiet, than that a single boiling over should have satisfied a perpetually simmering population.

It must be a very angelic Government, indeed, that could please so divided a people, a very talented one that could persuade, and a very powerful one that could restrain or control them. Military men, like other leeches, are naturally partial to their own mode of cure, and blame the Government for want of and decienergy sion in not employing the strong arm to repress them during the late disturbances. But people at home will

320 POLITICAL CONDUCT OF THE BRITISH-BORN.

scarcely condemn a governor for preferring to attain his ends by peaceful means, rather than by force of bloodshed. So far as I have had the materials for forming a judgment, it appears to me to have been not less wise and prudent than humane to quit the city altogether, and to leave it to make up its own intra-mural differences. A punishment which must affect their pockets will be far more felt than one which might have robbed the city of a few of its most worthless lives, and will sooner work its way to the understandings of its inhabitants.

There was one point, however, in regard to the Canadian differences, which, from my previous ignorance of the province, was incomprehensible to me, and upon which I anxiously sought to be enlightened. When the rebellion broke out among the French Canadians, the Upper Canadians, and generally those of British blood, took part against them. But in the division in the House of Assembly upon the Lower Canada Rebellion Losses Bill-the cause of all the disturbance—a majority of the Upper Canadian members, of British blood, and many of them British-born, voted with the French members of Lower Canada in favour of the measure. It was not, therefore, a war of races, as it had been represented at home. But how came those who were unanimous in opposing the rebellion to be found voting with those who had favoured, or actually supported and participated in it? I put this question to a friend of mine, one of the Upper Canada members, himself British-born, who had voted for the obnoxious measure, and his explanation was to the following effect:

"For a long series of years, Upper Canada was under the dominating rule of what was called the Family Compact. Home-born Canadians, and a certain number of high officials, divided all offices and patronage among themselves, and did everything in their power to keep the British-born from participating in the exercise of

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influence, or in the sweets of office. The few British who gained access to the Assembly, therefore, were naturally driven into opposition, and, after the union of the provinces, made common cause with the French opposition to the Tory Government. By degrees, however, the British-born in Upper Canada increased in strength, till at length the members of Assembly returned by them exceeded those nominated and returned by the Family Compact. They were then able, by the aid of the opposition members of French blood, to drive their enemies from office, and bring in that Government which now holds the reins of power. It was no way surprising, then, that a majority of British-born should be found fighting side by side, when in office, against the same parties whom they had joined to oppose before the reins of Government were intrusted to their hands; or that our ousted opponents should be bitter, and say all manner of evil against us.

"And then, as to this disputed measure, we never believed or intended that any one who had aided or promoted the rebellion should be compensated for the losses he had sustained; though some of our supporters spoke foolishly, which we could not help, and our leaders were not perfect by any means in their behaviour on some occasions. How, then, could we abandon our old friends? We felt, indeed, that we had no cause; and if we had found a cause, we could not, amid the clamour that was raised, have honourably taken advantage of it."

This defence places the question in a light I was too ignorant of the circumstances to have been able to see it in before. I could not reply to it; and as I was only asking for information myself, I place it before my readers, who may possibly be in the same state of happy ignorance with myself, without committing myself either for or against the statement of my Canadian friend.

VOL. I.

X

CHAPTER XII.

Land opposite Quebec.-Its quality and value.-Reserved rents considered oppressive.—Few immigrants into this region.—Roman Catholic seminary at Quebec.-Professor Horan.-Self-sacrifice of the teachers.-Falls of Montmorenci.-The natural steps.-Ice cone of Montmorenci. Sun-setting on Quebec.-Relative proportions of the different sects in Quebec.-Comparative commercial prosperity of Montreal and Quebec.—Autumn around Quebec.-Fires in the city. -Journey down the St Lawrence.--Price of land and labour at St Michel. Flat lands of St Thomas, "the granary of the lower district."-St Roque des Annais.-Long farming streets.-Upper Bay of Kamouraska.-Mode of drying grain.-Price of farms.-College of St Anne. Rapid increase of the French Canadian population.-Early marriages of the French population.-Healthiness of the climate.Comparative births and deaths in Lower Canada and in England.— Corn-mills.-Kamouraska.-Rivière-du-Loup.-Comfortable hotel.— Village of Du Loup, and its future prospects.-High-road to New Brunswick.-Active Canadian horses.-Cacona.-Country apparently thickly peopled.-Great extent of wild forest-land in these lower counties.-Large families of the Canadian peasantry.—Subdivision of farms. Poor and difficult land on which they settle.-Resemblance of the poorer habitants to the poorer Irish.-Desire to build fine houses.-Extensive mortgages.-Wages of labour in the Rimouski district.-Longitudinal valleys parallel with the St Lawrence.-Peculiarity of the bog-earth in North America.—Difficulty in finding quarters at Rimouski.-Irish landlord.-Scottish settlers at Mitis.

FRIDAY, September 28.-After breakfast the weather improved, the sun shone brightly through the clouds, and I was able to walk out into the strong city and citadel of Quebec, where every gun and every soldier calls up. the memory of the immortal Wolfe. The place is certainly

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very strong by nature; and no art seems to have been spared to turn to account the advantages of natural position. The only weakness, perhaps, is that the fortifications are too extensive; and in the event of a war, would require a larger force to maintain or defend them than could easily be spared in so extensive a country.

Not having met with any of the persons to whom I had brought letters, I crossed the river to Point Levi in the afternoon; and climbing the lofty bank, from which the view of the city and river is very extensive and beautiful, I made a short excursion on foot into the interior.

The rocks, which on this right bank rise up almost precipitously from the river-like the high ground and cliffs on which the city of Quebec stands-consist of dark-coloured slates or indurated shales, having thin beds of limestone, more or less pure, interstratified with them. They belong to the higher beds of the upper Silurian--the Utica and Lorraine shales which overlie the Trenton limestone of Kingston and Montreal—and are inclined at a very high angle. From the elevated ground beyond the top of the bank, the country inland appeared to be cleared to a great extent, and undulated in long wave-like ridges, till the eye finally rested on low mountains, which I supposed to be a prolongation of the Green Mountains of New Hampshire and Vermont.

The soil was free, and comparatively light, being formed for the most part from the crumbling of the shaly rock, of which many fragments were intermingled with it. Indeed in some fields, where the rocks protruded at intervals through the surface, the soil-like that fertile country of which I have already spoken, near Woodstock in New Brunswick, or the still richer fields on the Onondaga green shales near Syracuse-consisted almost entirely of visible fragments of the shivery indurated shales.