ficiencies in athletic facilities? For example, just to point out what I mean, there are many rural and less settled communities, and people think they live an outdoor life, and yet they have practically nothing in the way of athletic facilities, let us say, during the winter season.

What is your own experience on how spotty is the availability of athletic facilities, whether it is tennis courts, basketball courts or what have you?

Ms. KING. There is a difference in lack of the various facilities-at least the areas I go to differ. Often teachers and coaches come up to me and ask for suggestions. I was brought up in California, and I did not realize how much I was spoiled with our recreational facilities, so probably I am not the best one to talk on facilities.

I know what I hear from others, and I think of course the biggest problem is when we get to talking about cities-New York City, for example so many people to take care of, and a lack of land.

I was thinking today I would like to see a tennis court on top of every building, or it could be converted into a basketball court or volleyball court, whatever.

I think people are turning on to being fit again. I see people jogging all over the place. I was in Philadelphia the other day, and these two fellows came down in the hotel lobby in their track outfits, and it was cold outside, and they just opened the door and started jogging. I think that is great.

But in the past girls were afraid to do that because we did not want anybody to see us, you know, but I think that is finally changing.

PARKING LOTS FOR TENNIS COURTS

Senator JAVITS. Our chairman might give his own example of his unusual use of parking lots for tennis courts. Thank you very much.

The Chairman mentioned before we came in the fact that in one city-I forget the city-parking lots were used on weekends for tennis courts as an example of how space can be utilized for athletic purposes. I thought it was a very good example. I think you mentioned Hawaii. Senator MONDALE. Senator Schweiker.

ENCOURAGING SPORTS FOR GIRLS AND WOMEN

Senator SCHWEIKER. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.

Billie Jean, I am very glad to have you with us here this morning. I saw the whole tennis match, and you did an excellent job, and I am one of the tennis buffs who would not think of challenging you. You can put me in that category; I know my limitations.

Seriously though I would like to ask you one or two questions about your statement, because I think one of your paragraphs goes to sort of the heart of the issue which you say, "By the time a girl reaches high school or college she is often well programed to think of sports as extraneous." I want to go a little further than that.

It seems to me some of our social mores in our society say that all sports are unladylike or tomboyish, and in addition if you jump over that hurdle then there is another discrimination that it is all right for girls to play certain sports, that is, tennis. skating, swimming, horseback riding, but do not go beyond that.

The statistics you have provided here are quite accurate, quite realistic in terms of the money the physical education department has spent

on men versus women.

The question I have to ask you if if you had equality of funding. would you not have immediately some real problems? How would you solve them, such as breaking down among girls and women the concept of the unladylikeness and also the matter of jumping from say swimming and tennis to some other sports, and how do we educate society on the social mores that obviously are involved?

Ms. KING. I think it starts at home. I know mothers come to me with daughters and now they are very concerned. They hold their daughters on their laps, and all of a sudden they think, I want my little girl to have the same opportunities as my little boy; so she starts thinking. but she does not have those opportunities.

I think that is one of the factors that is starting to change. At least I notice this because more people come to me and tell me what they are thinking.

I got the same shots in 1966 that I made in 1973. Now, why all of a sudden do people know me? I was world champion in 1966. I used to come home and get off the plane, and they did not know anything: right?

It is the vehicle. It is getting the attention of the sports writers as an athlete, and not writing the stories such as "Cute blue eyed petite da-da boo-boo." That is the way they talk about women athletes. They do not start a story about a male athlete the same way.

I remember speaking before women. I went to a breakfast one time with Gloria Steinem to speak, and there were all women there, and I froze. I am used to seeing all men-sports writers, press-there are really very few women involved. I think we have to change. Through having these programs and being accepted, we will be accepted in time. That is the one thing I have tried to make happen ever since I was 11 years old.

I was not allowed in a photo because I did not have a tennis dress on. I know that day I wanted to change tennis. That is just a small part. Now I would like to see all women sports changed and help men in sports too. What about the boy who is not very athletically inclined? Why should he be a put down too if he is a book worm and he does not like sports?

How many times do you see parents pushing him-"Come one. Freddie, get out there. You can do it. Show daddy and show mommy." Forget it. Let people do their own thing where their abilities are. There are so many women who have potential to be athletically inclined, and they are just afraid, but if through these educational programs, if you do fund athletic programs and girls find out it is fun. they find out that they are accepted, in fact they are looked up to, this will change everything.

It is when they go home and tell their family how much fun they are having, and you see your children happy and their bright eyesthat is the best way.

I always have felt to change, we have to have professional vehicles. That is why we want tennis to be professional, very much, because we are the motivators, and I really think that is where it is at for a

professional athlete. I feel I can motivate and get other people turned on to my sport, but the only way I could do it is to be a professional, and that is the truth.

As an amateur, I was saying the same things I am saying to you today, and nobody could care less. So we have to have examples for young people to look up to, and the better you do something, the more responsibility you have to yourself as well as to others, because young people come up to me and ask me a lot of things about drugs-about everything.

I do not know how to answer all their questions, but at least they have identity. They identify for the first time in their lives. Little boys come up to me and say, I want to be a great tennis player like you. They don't think of me as a woman or man; all they know is I am an athlete.

I think it is at the educational level, it is through our textbooks, it is through sports, whatever field you are talking about, but we have wasted half the potential of this country.

It makes me sad from that point of view, but I would like to see it changed. I think it can change. It is changing, and it is not unladylike to be assertive. Women are starting to have more self-respect, walking tall, and I think a lot of it is just because of that match against Roberta Riggs the other day. [Laughter.]

I cannot believe what that did, and what made me happy is, I was world champion for the fifth time, and that turned me on the most from self-satisfaction, but what I could do through that match against Bobby who I know that is going to help a lot, and that really makes me happy because it is getting people turned on.

It is just amazing how many husbands are washing dishes this week really. You would not believe that. Well, maybe you do. Maybe you are all at parties. I do not know, but I am really turned on to getting other people to change their attitudes and to start having more fun, both men and women.

I think it has been a good thing for men, too, because they have a lot of pressure on them. They get a lot of ulcers because of what society has done to them. "You have to be the breadwinner; you have to make straight A's; you have to do this and that."

Everyone is not the same, and some people are just going to get C's in school-boy or girl-but the pressure is always on the boy to get in there. "You are going to be a breadwinner some day; you are going to be a doctor some day; you are going to be a lawyer." Parents should let their children find themselves, not live through their children.

I find that so much in sports like little league and all that. I have a younger brother who is a professional baseball player with the San Francisco Giants. I think the reason we are here today is that our parents did not live through us; they stood behind us. There is a big difference.

We did not have a lot of money, but we knew they loved us, and they were there. But parents really want their children to do what they wish they had done. I cannot stress that enough.

That is all I wanted to stress. I am very disorganized when I am speaking. I get emotional.

Senator SCHWEIKER. I thank you very much. That is all I have. Senator MONDALE. Senator Stafford.

ENCOURAGEMENT OF WINTER SPORTS IN VERMONT

Senator STAFFORD. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

I want to express my appreciation to you, Ms. King, for your being here. I have read over your statement, and it indeed points up an imbalance in the expenditure of funds in colleges and universities that ought to be corrected.

I have followed your career with admiration, and since I come from a part of the country where we have lots of cold weather. I cannot resist referring to skiing which is one of our favorite sports in northern New England. In my State of Vermont, most of the public schools set aside at least one-half day a week of schooltime and send all of the students of both sexes to the ski slope to learn to ski, starting when they are young.

I do not think in skiing there is much discrimination as far as the availability of funds to both sexes are concerned, and maybe this is one of the reasons that the only two Gold Medal winners we have had in the Olympics have both come from Vermont: Andrea Meade back in the 1950's and Barbara Cochrane at the Olympics at Tokyo, Japan. So I wonder if this is what you have in mind as an equal opportunity for both sexes to participate in sports, just what the Vermont schools are doing in skiing.

Ms. KING. That is very much what I am talking about. Of course, we have been in sports where most women, such as Senator Schweiker mentioned with skiing, tennis, golf, swimming, that is exactly where most of the women athletes have turned to. I think there is a very big discrimination against women in team sports like softball, track, and a lot more attention should be paid to this. Track and field sports might be one of the best sports on which to concentrate some effort because there is no equipment needed. We can all go out and run 10 yards or 100 yards without needing any equipment.

But it is going to be a long process. Nothing is going to change quickly. I think it is great that New England is doing that.

However, I feel it is up to the women to get together and decide to do their own thing. I hope the younger people today do not have to go through what I had to in tennis because it took away from my performance level. Any time you take away from your performance level as an athlete, it tears you down in some way.

At Wimbledon I was in more than 16 or 20 hours of meetings to get the Womens' Tennis Association started. I locked the doors and I said, "You are not going to get out until we have an association." Now they are happy that they have had some effect on their conditions.

I really do not know that much about what is happening on the educational level as far as funds are concerned, maybe you have some suggestions for me.

Senator STAFFORD. We are here to get suggestions from you and the other witnesses.

MS. KING. I like to learn from others because you see your own situation from your own local viewpoint, but other views are important. I travel so much I get caught up in a very small world at times.

WIDER PARTICIPATION IN SPORTS

Senator STAFFORD. From reading your prepared text, I gather part of your message to us today is that it is highly beneficial for every person to be involved in athletics, to have an athletics experience, a real one in grade school and on into college, and this benefit carries over into your subsequent life as well as the period when you were a student.

MS. KING. That is true. I think one thing sports teaches us is no matter at what level of competition you may be, first of all you have to have funds; second, it teaches you the day-to-day life of winning and losing, to accept it, to go forth and try to prove yourself as a

person.

One day you play great, the next day you play badly, and you cannot understand why, but that is the way everyone feels.

It teaches you a lot about yourself, about other human beings, about how they react under pressure. As Bobby Riggs always said, a woman always chokes and folds under pressure. He really meant that. Some of his statements were pure show biz.

Senator MONDALE. Thank you very much. While this morning's testimony is concentrated on athletics, I gather that is your belief that the bias and this problem you have described in the educational system is pervasive in all of its aspects, and that through the educational system we should try to eliminate these notions, these mores, and prejudices that you faced in athletics.

MS. KING. That is right.

Senator MONDALE. I think your statement has been excellent, that you have shown you are an intelligent spokeswoman for what we call equity in education, and we are most grateful to have had you as a witness.

Thank you very much.

Our next panel is from the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

STATEMENT OF CHARLES B. SAUNDERS, ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR EDUCATION; CHARLES M. COOKE, JR., DEPUTY ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR LEGISLATION, EDUCATION; PETER HOLMES, DIRECTOR, OFFICE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS; HOLLY KNOX, COCHAIRPERSON, COMMISSIONER'S TASK FORCE ON WOMEN IN EDUCATION; CORINNE RIEDER, ASSISTANT DIRECTOR FOR CAREER EDUCATION, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION; AND JOAN THOMPSON, FEDERAL WOMEN'S PROGRAM COORDINATOR, U.S. OFFICE OF EDUCATION, REPRESENTATIVES FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE, A PANEL

Mr. SAUNDERS. Thank you very much, Senator Mondale. I am happy to be here this morning. I am Charles B. Saunders, Jr., Acting Assistant Secretary for Education. Before I begin my prepared statement I would like to introduce the rest of the panel here with me.

On my right is Mr. Charles Cooke, Jr., Deputy Assistant Secretary for Legislation (Education); next Mr. Peter Holmes, Director of the