On Wednesday, May 5th, the entire matter was laid before the President. On the same day the German propagandists all over the United States began a fresh campaign for an embargo on arms. The announcement was also made, on the same date, of the beginning of a campaign to finance a new German paper in New York to fight against further munitions shipments, and the Germans on that date also began an endless-chain petition to the President, urging an extra session of Congress to act on an embargo on the shipment of arms.

The suggestions put out by Captain BoyEd were directly in line with four or five other attempts, made by the Germans in this country through other channels, to keep the Administration believing that Germany was anxiously seeking some basis for peace.

Careful examination of our wireless reports showed a constant and suspicious connection between many large commercial and shipping houses in the United States, and the German Foreign Office. Further investigation disclosed the fact that the code numbers and combinations of letters being used by the German Embassy in its messages to Berlin were in many cases duplicated by messages sent out from the Atlantic Communication Company (the ostensible owner of Sayville), the Siemens & Halske Co. of New York, the HamburgAmerican Line and North German Lloyd Line, and many other concerns. Starting with this knowledge, it soon developed that the great strength of the German propaganda system in this country, and its control of so many avenues of information about matters which it should have been of vital importance for our Government to conceal, were largely due to the fact that these great commercial houses were nothing more than outposts of the German Foreign Office, heavily subsidized and acting directly under the orders of their home offices in Germany, which in turn took their orders from Foreign Office officials.

One of the first discoveries made by the Journal was the existence of a chart drawn to resemble a family tree, the trunk of which bore the label of the Foreign Office. Spreading from this trunk were three branches, and at the bottom of each branch the words, "Telefunken Co." The first branch to the left was labeled, "Gesellschaft Fur Drahtlose Telegraphie, Berlin"; the second bore the words "Siemens &

From No. 1: Atlantic Communication Co. (Sayville), New York. Australasian Wireless Co., Ltd., Sydney (Australia); Telefunken East Asiatic Wireless Telegraph Co., Ltd., Shanghai; Maintz & Co. (of Amsterdam, Holland), Batavia (Java); Germann & Co. (of Hamburg), Manila; B. Grimm & Co., Bangkok; Paetzold & Eppinger, Havana; Spiegelthal, La Guayra; Kruger & Co., Guayaquil; Brahm & Co., Lima; E. Quicke, Montevideo; R. Schulbach, Thiemer & Co. (of Hamburg), Central America; Sesto Sesti, Rome; A. D. Zacharion & Cie., Athens; J. K. Dimitrijevic, Belgrade.

From No. 2: Siemens Bros. & Co., Ltd., London; Siemens & Halske, Vienna; Siemens & Halske, Petrograd; Siemens & Halske (K. G. Frank), New York; Siemens-SchuckertWerke, Sofia; Siemens-Schuckert-Werke, Constantinople; Siemens-Schuckert-Werke (Dansk Aktsielskab), Kopenhagen; Siemens-SchuckertWerke (Denki Kabushiki Kaishe), Tokyo; Siemens-Schuckert-Werke (Companhia Brazileira de Electricidade), Rio de Janeiro; SiemensSchuckert, Ltd., Buenos Aires; Siemens-Schuckert, Ltd., Valparaiso.

From No. 3: A. E. G. Union Electrique, Brussels; Allgemeine Elektrizitats Gesellschaft, Basel; A. E. G. Elecktriska Aktiebolaget, Stockholm; A. E. G. Electricitats Aktieselskabet, Christiania; A. E. G. Thomson-Houston Iberica, Madrid; A. E. G. Compania Mexicana, Mexico; A. E. G. Electrical Company of South Africa, Johannesburg.

This tremendous network of great electrical concerns, all of them in turn having subagencies, and all being directly connected with radio and telegraphic communication of every description, was continuously at the service of the German Government. Thanks to heavy government subsidies these concerns were able to underbid, and did underbid, their competitors in the price of installation of radio plants throughout the American continent, and in many cases, before the construction of such plants, we discovered that they had successfully imposed their will on various Central and South American governments by insisting on selecting their own locations for the construction of these plants.

The most interesting discovery made in this

connection by our representatives was that during the time while the United States Government was planning a series of wireless stations throughout the Philippine Islands, the Gesellschaft Fur Drahtlose Telegraphie in Berlin, a branch of the great Telefunken system, sent to its branch in New York City and to its office in Manila (represented by the firm of Germann & Co. of Hamburg) a long communication setting forth that the wireless stations to be constructed by the United States Government in the Philippines must be bid for at such a low price by their agents that there would be no possibility of their losing the contracts.

The letter adds: "We have worked out this project on the basis of confidential advices from the Foreign Office, and beg you to treat the estimates and lists and data as confidential, and particularly the map accompanying this." A former manager of the Atlantic Communication Company notified us that the definite understanding with reference to this matter was as follows: "Our superior knowledge of radio must be set forth in arguments to convince United States radio officials that the stations should be where we have designated them on this map, regardless of their own desires in the matter, so as to make it certain that if Germany comes into control of the Philippine Islands the radio stations shall be in the most advantageous positions for the work of our Government."

The map accompanying this remarkable communication was a blueprint which contained locations of 54 named stations, and a letter with the prices, in marks, which the Manila agents of the corporation were to quote for the work to be performed at each station. This blueprint and letter will be reproduced later in this series of articles.

The Hamburg-American Line and the North German Lloyd Line, in addition to being under the direct supervision of Captain Boy-Ed (who practically had charge of the movements of all the ships of both concerns), made regular reports through their home offices to the Foreign Office in Berlin. Among these reports were accounts of disbursements, not only for the legitimate outlay of a steamship company, but also for the upkeep of two large bodies of secret service men who took charge of all fraudulent passport work for the German Government, and who, between the outbreak of the European war and the time of our own entry into the war, shipped on Swedish and Dutch vessels

a large number of German reservist officers, and also of German army officers, from this country. The latter, through bribery, were allowed to escape from Siberia after having been captured by the Russians, and were brought through Japan or China into the United States, held in boarding houses in New York and shipped with false passports to Europe as opportunity offered.

Both of these steamship lines from the outbreak of the war continually made up false manifests for their vessels, and carried on a regular trade in transferring coal, oil, rubber, and many other commodities (supposed to be destined for the South American trade) into raiders and other vessels of the German navy. The Austro-Amerikana Steamship Co. of New York also had its secret service working along similar lines.

These great corporations were used also for other purposes by the German and Austrian governments and the embassies in Washington. A plot to blow up the Welland Canal was worked out in the Hamburg-American offices by Paul Koenig, chief of the secret service of that company. In an attempt to fool the American Government, hundreds of wireless messages, ostensibly relating to steamship matters, but really secret government codes, were sent continually to Nauen and Elivese signed by these steamship and electrical concerns under orders from Von Bernstorff, in whose office such messages originated.

The great majority of the men working in these establishments were German and Austrian aliens, but they invariably included, usually among their general managers or directors, several who had acquired American citizenship solely to permit them to conduct their propaganda work with more freedom.

The Atlantic Communication Company, caught red-handed in a great number of deliberate violations of neutrality during its operation of the Sayville wireless plant, and filled with dangerous German spies, is still, at this writing, carrying on business in New York City, with offices at 47 West Street.

The firm of Siemens & Halske, another spy outpost of the German Foreign Office, rabidly pro-German, and working solely for German interests, still conducts its business in New York City, at 90 West Street.

Members of both of these firms have been permitted to acquire American citizenship. The Hamburg-American Line and North

G

ENERAL SMUTS, the conqueror of German West Africa, is the living embodiment of Great Britain's claim to be the dispenser of liberal and just government. Less than sixteen years ago he was in arms against Great Britain. Since then he has held almost every cabinet position in the government of the Union of South Africa. At various times he has been State Attorney for the Transvaal, Acting Assistant Commandant General, Minister of the Interior, Minister of Finance, and he has repeatedly taken General Botha's place as Premier in the latter's absence.

General Smuts is a Boer, born in Cape Colony in the year 1870, when Germany last launched her attack on France. He was educated at Victoria College at Stellenbosch in South Africa and afterward he went to England to Christ College, Cambridge, where he achieved distinction in his law studies.

He

He was State Attorney under President Kruger when he was twenty-eight years old, and in this position he accompanied his chief to the meeting with the British Commissioners at Bloemfontein which resulted in war. served with distinction during the struggle, but his services in the reconstruction of his country and the evolution of a responsible government showed perhaps even greater even greater ability than did his military career.

In this war he succeeded General SmithDorrien in command of the East African Expedition in March, 1916. Within a year he had driven the German forces from British territory, reduced their numbers by two thirds, and confined them in the southern and southwestern part of the former German colony. And that was no mean accomplishment, for the German commander of East Africa showed himself a man of particular ability and determination.

On March 20, 1917, General Smuts attended the first meeting of the Imperial War Council as Member for South Africa, a soldier statesman peculiarly representing the idea of the spread of democracy.

L'

IEUTENANT GENERAL BIRDWOOD is the commander of the famous Anzac Corps. From the day in April, 1915, when the Anzacs landed on the beaches above Gaba Tepe until the withdrawal in January, 1916, General Birdwood was the inspiration of the fighting of his men on the Peninsula. Whatever may be said of the planning and support of the Gallipoli expedition, no one has ever questioned the quality of the fighting. Finally General Birdwood became commander of the Dardanelles army and in that capacity carried out the brilliant and successful withdrawal from Gallipoli.

The Anzacs under Birdwood got to France in time for the Battle of the Somme, and their fighting there was of the same fierce kind as it had been at Gallipoli. The capture of Pozières and Mouquet Farm was an Australian achievement, and Flers fell to the New Zealanders. Since then, both in the German retreat and in the later stages of the Battle of Arras, especially against the Hindenburg line at Bullecourt, they have shown the same fury and steadiness in attack. General Birdwood is an old regular army officer, and in spite of the fact that he is a rather young general-being 53-he has seen a good deal of service.

He joined the army in 1883, after training at the British military school at Sandhurst. In 1891 he served in the Hazara Expedition, the Isazai Expedition in 1892, and the Tirah Campaign in 1897-1898, campaigns and expeditions of which we never hear but on which from time to time men lose their lives trying to keep order on the turbulent borders of the British Empire even when the world is at peace. Again, in 1909, General Birdwood commanded a brigade on the Indian Frontier. In the South Africa War General Birdwood was badly wounded and was five times mentioned in despatches.

In the present war the high points of his record are Gallipoli, the Somme, and the Battle of Arras.