romantically situated village called Force Forge, from the fine rocky waterfalls or "forces" near to it, and two ancient forges where iron was formerly smelted. These have long been blown out, and their places occupied by bobbin mills, employing about forty hands.

A mile to the northward of Force Forge lies one of the numerous lake country villages, which preserve, in the Scandinavian construction of their names proof of the early settlement by the hardy and enterprising Northmen of most of the valleys in the district. The name of this village of Satterthwaite, too, having been extended to the largest division. of the parish, would seem to indicate great antiquity and former importance. The church there, a chapel-of-ease under Hawkshead, was first erected shortly after the Reformation, the present building being more modern. The register only dates from 1766. Previous to that time all baptisms &c. were performed at the mother church. Since then, the living has been held by seven incumbents, its present minister, the Rev. Haygarth Baines, having been inducted in 1833. To that gentleman, an old and valued friend, I am indebted for some interesting particulars relating to his retired and peaceful chapelry. The stipend amounts to £130 per annum, arising from the rentals of three farms and an award of £30 from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, its value having doubled in the last thirty-three years. The population has, however, decreased during that period from 500 to about 400. The people live to good ages, some going beyond ninety, and many passing eighty. They are honest and industrious in their habits; "and," says Mr. Baines, with justifiable pride,

66

they are now very much improved in manners and mode of "speaking-so it should be, for we have had a good school "under certificated masters above fifteen years, in fact for about "six years our school was, I believe, the best country school "in England; so said two of the government inspectors."

This handsomely built school, with its comfortable dwellinghouse attached, stands a little below Satterthwaite, and was established mainly by the munificence of Mr. Ainslie of Grizedale Hall, a life-member of this Society, whose beautiful estate, village and mansion are situated farther up the same rarely visited dale, the first extending on either side far over the parallel ranges of heights, and the two latter occupying a most delightful situation in the bosom of the valley between the said heights.

These old

The Hawkshead boundary now passes over the wild bare moor of Satterthwaite the adjacent moor of Grizedale, a few years ago equally wild and bare, being now covered or sheltered by Mr. Ainslie's thriving and extensive plantations. It (the boundary) then runs between two lonely, desolate-looking farms, called Lawson Park and Park-a-Moor. farms are called in the schedule of the possessions of the wealthy Abbey of Furness, as given in West's Antiquities, "Granges in Furness Fells," and are there valued at £1 10s. each per annum. Previous to the invention of lucifer matches, and probably for long after, the fires on the stone hearths of these two "Granges" had not been extinguished, it was said, for many centuries, probably not even yet. Their fuel being peat, was easily kept smouldering throughout the longest night; while their distance from neighbours, and the consequent difficulty of procuring means of re-lighting their fires if extinguished, made their many generations of inmates. careful to preserve them alight.

The boundary of the parish I am attempting to describe now descends by rough, steep pasture lands and bristling coppice woods to the fair lake of Coniston, in the central line of which the parish of Hawkshead has its south-western angle. In compiling this paper I have, with one or two unavoidable exceptions, abstained from noticing anything outside of the line I have followed so closely; but it would

be difficult, and for many reasons inexpedient, to separate, even in description, Monk Coniston, which forms part of Hawkshead, from Church Coniston, which is a chapelry under Ulverston, but both lying in one lovely vale. I shall, therefore, include the remaining portion of Hawkshead parish in the next paper of this series, which will be devoted to the two Conistons.

NUMISMATIC HISTORY OF ENGLAND, FROM

1066 TO THE PRESENT TIME.

PART II.*-1504 TO PRESENT TIME.

By F. J. Jeffery Esq., F.G.H.S.

(READ 15TH MARCH, 1866.)

In the former paper on this subject we took a rapid glance at the origin and progress of the art of coining from its first invention, and, observing some of the more important coins issued between 1066 and 1504, we closed with the latter date the end. of the first section-and we found the "sovereign" just introduced, having been ordered to be coined and declared current in the year 1489.

We therefore now enter upon section

II.-The GOTHIC, or more properly the TUDOR,

1504-1656.

This division is termed Gothic from the introduction, by Henry VII, of the arched crown in a Gothic style, the lettering of the legends being also in somewhat similar type: and it is termed "Tudor" because the type and style were introduced by Henry VII, who was the first King of the house which bore that name. It is distinguished from the Rude by the settled introduction (with a very few exceptions) of the profiled or side-faced portrait of the monarch on the coins other than gold, while the Rude has nearly all full-faced : and it is distinct from the Simonian in the style of engraving the portrait; for while the Gothic character of the letters of the legend soon gives place to the Roman, still we find the Gothic crown throughout, which disappears when the Simonian ist coined, and the latter introduces a bolder and more decisive portrait than we find on the Gothic.

• Vide "Transactions," vol. V, N.S., p. 187.

In the previous paper we noticed how the penny, of twelve pennies to one shilling, was first introduced by William the Conqueror; but though this coin was declared to be current at the value of French pennies, viz., twelve to a shilling, yet the latter had never been struck but merely a money of value, we now find that money issued for the first time as a coin. This took place in 1504; which year is remarkable for the change of the type of the silver coinage. (Part I, plate I, fig. 2.) "His portrait was then given on them in profile, with a crown of one arch only, * a form in which it had not "appeared upon the coins since the reign of King Stephen. "A single beaded line likewise took place of the double tres

sure upon the obverse of the groats and half-groats; the "inner circle of the reverse, which contained the name of the "mint, omitted; and the rude pellets, which had so long occupied the quarters of the cross, were superseded by a "device scarcely less barbarous, an escutcheon of the royal arms surmounted by the cross.

"On some of these coins he added to his name either Septi"mus or the Roman numerals VII, a practice which had been "disused ever since the reign of King Henry III, on whose "coins alone, of all our monarchs from the earliest times, "numerals, or any other distinction of the kind, had appeared. "The omission of such upon the coins of the first three "Edwards, and also of the IV, V and VI Henries, has occa"sioned difficulties almost insuperable in the appropriation of "their respective coins to those monarchs." (Ruding vol. i, 299.) This adoption of numerals now became general.

Henry VII was succeeded by his second son Henry VIII, who came to the possession of his father's throne and wealth in 1509. His first coinage was struck with his father's dies, with the alteration of VII to VIII.

He issued leaden tokens to supply the want of silver in the early part of his reign.