to the abnormal chemical condition produced by a diphtheritic or other toxin excite the cell to produce the anti-substance or antibodies similar to that produced by the toxin? Recent experiments are proving that the answer is Yes.

This power of the living cell to produce a specific chemical substance which more or less readily combines with the invading, injurious chemical substance (toxins or other) to form a non-injurious or immunizing substance is proven beyond contention.

It

These injurious chemical substances are formed in the blood not. alone by bacteria so far recognized (although future bacteriological experiments may prove that all diseases are due to chemical changes. brought about by micro-organisms) but are formed by improper living and the absorption or ingestion of poisonous substances. is extremely probable that all functional diseases (and possibly organic except those having a mechanical origin) may be the direct result of the presence of micro-organisms in the system. That the human body is the habitat of myriads of such micro-organisms is a proven fact. These do not become pathogenic or disease-producing except under favorable conditions, to wit, the lowering of the vital resistance of the cell, or, in other words, the decrease in the power of the cell to produce the anti-substance, which condition increases the susceptibility of the host. Also the so-called saprophytic bacteria by introduction into the body, in large numbers a few (the survival of the fittest) may become a habitat, undergoing biological and morphological changes, until it becomes pathogenic, not to the person in whom it is living (for the cells of that person have already developed the chemical substance necessary to render it inert) but if introduced into another person whose system has not acquired immunity through long association with the germ.

All I have written in the foregoing are facts, undeniable facts, proven in every bacteriological laboratory the world over.

Now let us consider another fact as conclusively proven.

It is known without a shadow of a doubt that a person may accustom his system to a certain drug so that he may take enormous doses without fatal result. By beginning with small doses, gradually increasing the size, the system will finally tolerate a dose which would be fatal to persons not "immune."

The morphine fiend, the cocaine user, the tobacco user, and many others, are monuments to the truth of the ability of the system to develop within its cells a resistance to the toxic effect of the drug. Arsenic used by the Alpine guides is another instance.

It is a common, everyday occurrence in the busy practitioner's life to find that some patient who has necessarily continued a drug for some time becomes "immune" to the amount given, so that to get an effect of the drug, the dose must be increased (if possible) if not,

another drug, having a nearly similar action, substituted in its place. Even in the use of the substitute we find that we must give a larger dose than would ordinarily be given, because "immunity" to the former drug has rendered the person partially "immune" to one of similar action. These cases are seen in the continued use of cathartics, morphine, strychnia, digitalis, kali iodide, and mercury. This proves that a person "immune" to large doses of a certain drug is also partially "immune" (to a much less degree) to drugs or substances of a different chemical composition, but similar in their effect upon the system. This is true (another proven fact) in bacterial cyto-toxins, (anti-toxins.)

H. It is specific only for one specific bacterial toxin, but it retards the growth of, and renders less virulent, the toxin of all bacteria different from the one which caused the production of the cytotoxin but similar to it in biological characteristics.

Example K. The anti-typhoid serum is specific only for the bacillus typhosus, but retards the growth of and decreases the virulence of the bacillus coli group, the bacillus paratyphosus, and others of the intestinal tract. This has been proven by every observer. The students in all medical schools prove it in everyday tests. Thus a person immune to the bacillus typhosus is partially immune to other bacilli having similar characteristics.

If you desire to render a person immune to comparatively large doses of a certain poison (in other words increase an individual's resistance to the toxic effects of a poison) or drug, or chemical substance or toxin, you could do so, to a certain extent, by "immunizing" him to a drug having a marked similar effect upon the system.

I. For experiment (a) Gradually give an animal increasing doses of morphine until he can tolerate many times a fatal dose.

(b) Determine the fatal dose of codeine or heroin for an animal of like weight and character. To find the fatal dose use only subcutaneously.

(c) Have your animal "immunized" to morphia, injected with a dose slightly larger than the fatal amount of codeine, heroin, or any other drug similar to morphine in its totality of symptoms. Note the result.

II. Prepare animal as in Experiment I. (a) and inject twice the fatal dose, or if your animal is properly "immunized" to large doses of morphia inject three or even five times the fatal dose. Your animal does not die. (a) Requires from two to four months; even longer would show greater proof.

One drug may excite the cell to the production of an anti-substance which decreases the toxic virulence of other drugs, which produce similar effects upon the system. How do we know the effects drugs produce upon the system since chemical analysis does

not show the changes in the blood? There is but one way, the totality of phenomena or symptoms which follow the introduction of the drug, or poison, or toxin into the system.

Thus several drugs a, b, c, produce similar effects upon the human organism. In the totality of effects produced (symptoms, we call them) (b) may more closely resemble (a) than (c). Neither (b) nor (c) would be a specific antidote to poisonous effects of (a), although both would decrease the severity of the effects of (a), and (b) more closely resembling (a) would be a more effective antidote than (c).

A person, or animal "immunized" to (a) would produce a serum specific to (a).

III. Experiment. "Immunize" an animal to the effects of morphine poisoning as in (a) experiment I. then prepare a serum from its blood. Inject into another animal of like weight etc., a fatal dose of morphia, closely followed by a dose of the serum from the "immunized" animal, and note results. (Note. Be sure to use sufficient amount of serum. The more you use the better and more striking the result.)

Experiment IV. "Immunize" an animal to drug (b). Inject into another animal a fatal dose of (a) followed at once by serum "immune" to (b).

The action or poisonous effects of (a) will be inhibited, the symptoms less severe, than in an animal not treated with (b)

serum.

The results of these experiments prove that the continued use of a drug-poison or toxin,-develops within the system a specific, chemical substance, which combines with the specific, foreign, injurious chemical substance, rendering it inert. Also this chemical product of the cell, incited by a drug is inhibitory to the action of all other drugs which produce similar effects or symptoms. closer the totality of effects resemble each other, the more inhibitory is the action.

The

When this truth becomes widely known all City Boards of Health and private practitioners will carry an anti-morphine serum and an anti-strychnine serum, made from the horse, to be used in accidental or suicidal cases of morphine or strychnia poisoning, a serum for each drug, each a specific for the drug which originally produced the anti-product of the cell. A few years after the advent of the "drug serum" another change will take place as the result of the following experiment.

Experiment V. Take two drugs similar in action (a) and (b). Of (a) make a 1-10,000 solution with sterilized water q. s. one ounce. Inject into an animal a fatal dose of (b), thirty minutes after having injected the ounce of 1-10,000 of (a).

Experiment VI. the fatal dose.

Same as V, using fresh animal and twice

When the results of experiments V and VI become generally known, then the horse will possibly be forgotten. As I have said in (a) every disease or abnormal condition of the human organism produces chemical changes in the blood. Chemistry is not sufficiently developed to enable us to isolate the group of chemical molecules produced by each individual disease or derangement of functional activity, neither can it isolate the group of molecules produced by drugs, poisons, etc. The fact that poisons may be found unaltered in the blood and tissues in case of poisonings does not detract from the truth that the cells do produce a chemical substance which unites with the foreign poison, rendering it inert.

The fact that the poison was taken in a large quantity so overwhelmed the cells, as to render them incapable to produce the neutralizing substance.

The same occurs in the invasion of a decidedly virulent type of infection. Death results. The bacteria may be found in the blood and tissues unchecked in growth and activity, even in cases where the opsonic index was above normal; that is, the power to produce an antitoxin is greater than the average.

Returning to the chemical changes within the system produced by abnormal conditions, we find certain diseases cause a certain set of symptoms, that is, the chemical substance generated by the disease produces certain effects. We do not, at present, know the exact composition of this chemical substance, but we do know it has certain effects upon the body, causing more or less pronounced symptoms, their severity depending upon the susceptibility of the individual. Take the totality of symptoms found in any disease, (x) for instance. These symptoms are the effect of the toxins of (x). By comparing them with the effects produced by drugs or poisons, one is struck by the great similarity of effects between the chemical substance or poison caused by the disease (x) and a certain chemical poison or drug (y). That is, if two persons, one suffering from the disease (x) and the other poisoned by the drug (y) were lying side by side, we could hardly tell which had (x) and which (y).

Is it too difficult to realize that the chemical substances acting in both cases are extremely similar, if not of the same composition? I do not believe that the poison produced by the disease (x) is identical with the poison (y) but I do believe that they, the toxins of (x) and the drug (y), are of a similar group, having very similar chemical composition, both exciting the production of the same chemical substance (z) within the cell. (z) is the anti-body or cytotoxin and is capable of being produced by all cells in greater

or less amounts, depending upon the cell's condition, that is, upon the power to resist foreign invasion.

(z) Is cytotoxin-production of the cell. (I do not like the names anti-body, anti-toxin etc., it carries one so far from similia.) Cytotoxin is not an anti to anything. It is the affinity of all injurious chemical substances. It readily combines with the toxin

or poison, causing its production.

L. Cytotoxin therefore has a chemical composition determined by its exciting cause, identical in every instance where the causes are identical, similar where the exciting causes are similar, or extremely different where the exciting causes are different. In the first, a specific, the second a similar, the third, a contrary.

Returning to the disease (x) drug (y) and cytotoxin (z) and (m) toxoid production of the union of “x” and “z" or "y" and "z” thus toxoids. x + z=m } y + z=m

(m) Toxoid, is an inert, non-injurious chemical substance eliminated by the natural channels. The chemical substance produced by the disease (x) must be similar to (y) since both produce the same effect upon the person: therefore the cytotoxin (z) excited by (x) is similar, if not identical to that produced by (y). They are Similars (see paragraph (1) and (z) being similar in both the (x) and (y) readily combines with either of the poisons of (x) or (y). Thus one may be substituted for the other %}

ΟΙ +2 m.
Г

Supposing in the disease (x) we consider another drug (w) exactly opposite in its effect upon the system, that is, the symptoms following its ingestion were opposite to those produced by the poisons in the system of the person diseased by (x). Referring to paragraph L again, you see the cytotoxin (z) produced by (w) would be opposite or contrary to that produced by (x), therefore, although z (produced by w) would combine with w-and zx (produced by x) would combine with x.--zw would not combine with x being opposite, contraries. If such combination should take place either a gas or precipitate with heat, or all three, would result. In this case zw would act as a poison, as can be proven in using a diphtheria anti-toxin upon a typhoid patient.

The above is amply proven by bacteriological experts. See paragraphs E, H and K, which prove that the anti-body, antitoxin, cytotoxin (z) to be effective, that is, to be able to combine with the invading chemical substance, must have been excited by, or its production caused by, a chemical substance (toxin) identical to, or similar to, the one of which it is later able to destroy. If identical it is a specific (paragraph L);—if similar it is a similar, etc.

Also it is well proven that the toxins of certain bacteria, and certain bacteria themselves, increase the growth of and virulence of the