nouns. Remember that the nominative case is always used as subject, and as subjective complement. The objective case is used as object complement, as objective complement, as object of a preposition, and as subject of an infinitive.

EXAMPLES

Nominative: 1. I am he whom you seek. 2. It is I.

Objective:

1. They sent him on a mission.
2. They thought it me.

3. The mayor ordered them to proceed.
4. To whom was the message sent?

Note.-Although the verb be never takes an object, it may be preceded and followed by a noun or pronoun in the objective case. For example, a predicate noun after be or any other copulative verb, agrees in case with the subject. The subject of an infinitive, however, is in the objective case. Consequently, the predicate noun or pronoun referring back to the subject of the infinitive to be, is in the objective case.

EXAMPLES

1. They thought it to be me (him her)

2. No one suspected the jokers to be us.

EXERCISE

215a. Insert the proper form of the pronoun in the following blank spaces:

7. He hoped that you or

8. To John and

would go (I, me).

we give all the credit (he, him).

9. Between you and it is quite impossible (I, me).

14. He did as well as
15. Anyone could write well if
16. Neither would tell what
17. The man spoke to sister and
18. boys cannot go (we, us).
19. We do not grieve as

20. What were you and
21. His father and

tried (he, they).
saw (he, they).
(I, me).

that have no hope (they, them). doing (he, him)?

have gone to the city (he, him).

22. that seek shall find (they, them). 23. Such people as

should not be admitted (he, him). (they, them).

24. It does not concern either you or
25. I supposed that one to be
26. Which is the taller Mary or
27. You and

(she, her).

(I, me).

were invited (she, her). 28. He spoke to the girls and

among the rest (I, me).

29. There is little difference between you and -(she, her). 30. Was it you liked (he, him)?

216. The Parsing of Pronouns.-To parse a pro

noun it is necessary to give the following:

1. Its person.

2. Its number.

3. Its gender.

4. Its syntax (case and construction).

5. Its antecedent.

EXERCISE

217. Parse all of the personal pronouns in the following sentences:

1. She cannot go with us.

2. It is not time for the train.

3. Will you bring me my books?

4. They received him in their new home.
5. We have met the enemy, and they are ours.
6. Hail to thee, blithe spirit!

Bird thou never wert.

7. We feel sure that it would not be possible. 8. It is I; be not afraid.

9. I was sure it was not to be.

10. I believed it to be him.

II. We could see them for a distance.

12. They all turned in wonder to look at him.

218. Relative Pronouns.-Relative pronouns are pronouns the principal function of which is to connect clauses, or to show the relation between them. All clauses introduced by relative pronouns are subordinate, and usually adjective in nature.

The so-called Double Relative what is in reality the equivalent of the demonstrative that and the relative which. It, therefore performs the function of a substantive and of a relative pronoun.

EXAMPLES

I. This is the prize which John won.

2. Here is the boy who brought the message.

3. There is the fellow whose horse was stolen.

4. What has become of the man whom you told me about.

5. What you say may be all very well.

6. He saw at once what was wrong.

EXERCISE

219. Insert who or whom in the blanks in the fol

lowing sentences:

220. Omission of the Relative Pronoun.-In relative clauses the purpose of which is to restrict the meaning of the antecedent, the relative pronoun is often omitted.

EXAMPLES

1. The books (that) she sent are here.

2. We were unable to find the sort (which) we wanted. 3. Here are the men (whom) you sent for.

221. The Antecedents of Relatives.-The antecedents of who and of whom are always persons. Sometimes the antecedent of whose is not a person, but consistency would demand that it should always be.

The antecedent of which is always an animal, an object, or an abstract idea, never a person.

The antecedent of that may be a person, an animal, or a thing.

EXAMPLES

1. The man whom you met is a lawyer. 2. He who would succeed must work.

3. The book which you found is Harry's.

4. Him that hath ears to hear, let him hear.
5. The idea that he expressed appears good to me.

222. "As" and "But" as Relatives.-The two words but and as, usually conjunctions or prepositions, are sometimes used as relative pronouns. In such casesBut is equivalent to a regular relative and the word not.

As usually follows such or same, and sometimes could be replaced by that or which.

EXAMPLES

1. There are none but would have done the same thing. 2. Such as (Those who) come will be welcome.

3. These are the same as (that) I brought before.

223. The Compound Relative Pronouns.-To the simple relative pronouns who, whom, which, whose and what are added, = ever and = soever. Those compounded with soever are not common in ordinary speech.

EXAMPLES

1. Whoever comes shall be received.

2. Invite whomsoever you please.
3. Whosoever it is I am unable to say.
4. Take whichever pleases you most.

5. Whatever happens, we will do our best.

224. Relative Pronouns and Relative Adjectives.— The same distinction should be made between relative pronouns and relative adjectives as we made between possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives. When a relative, either simple or compound, stands in the place of a noun, it is a pronoun; when it modifies a noun it is an adjective.