5. They that govern make the least noise.

6. This life of ours is a wild æolian lay of many joyous strains.

7. Cheerfulness, the chief characteristic of hope, is like glances of sunshine on a cloudy day.

8. The power to do is not given to all.

9. A mocking bird in the yard had grown very tame.

10. A king with a large jaw and a queen with a plain face sat upon the throne of England.

II. The fact that most birds are both far-sighted and nearsighted can be learned by a little observation.

12. Some birds, such as owls, take their food whole.

13. Ringing down the stairs, went the precious little bells. 14. A man of sixty, handsomely dressed, haughty in manner, and with a face like a fine mask, stood before them.

15. Bestowing a word of praise here and a smile there, the great man passed down through the hall and out into the crowded street.

16. The quiet lodgings in Soho Square were a kind of refuge to him.

17. These quiet lodgings, which were a sort of refuge to him, were in Soho Square.

EXERCISE B

18. Write sentences the complete subjects of which contain adjectives, appositives, prepositional phrases, participial phrases, or clauses, as modifiers. Let each sentence be the best expression you can give to an interesting thought about one of the following:

1. A robin or a humming-bird.

2. The place where you spend your summer.

3. The crow or the blackbird.

4. A hen and chickens.

5. A sugar maple tree.

6. A man whom you respect greatly.

7. What boys like to learn.

8. What girls ought to learn at home.

9. An interesting accident that you have witnessed. 10. The creek in the near pasture.

11. A wild animal you know about.

12. The making of something.

19. Position of the Subject.-In the simplest form of the sentence, the subject naturally comes first. This arrangement is called the normal order. There are, however, other arrangements which are better for the expression of certain ideas, and often necessary for clearness. Examine the following:

1. The Marquis went up the steps.

2. Up the broad flight of shallow steps, the Marquis went from his carriage.

3. Up the broad flight of shallow steps from the carriage entrance went the Marquis to meet his nephew.

4. The Marquis went up the broad flight of shallow steps from the carriage entrance to meet his nephew.

The first of these sentences is direct and simple. There is no attempt to do more than make a plain statement of fact. In the second sentence, better effect is produced by placing at the beginning a phrase that modifies the verb and would come immediately after the verb, if the sentence were to follow the normal order. By the present arrangement, emphasis is thrown upon the phrase up the broad flight of shallow steps. In the third sentence a further change is made. Verb and subject are inverted to bring the subject near the phrase to meet his nephew. Observe how weak the fourth sentence is when compared with the third.

EXERCISE A

20. By placing the italicized portions in a different position make the following sentences stronger or clearer:

1. Night sank upon the dusky beach.

2. The surly canon waited without, meanwhile.

3. A modest violet grew down in a green and shady bed. 4. He draws that broad sword for the rights of fair England. 5. That broad sword he draws for the rights of fair England. 6. An hour and a half limped heavily away in the crowded passages below.

7. No sister's sweet companionship he had.

8. She, not yet trusting the tones of her voice, sat down beside him.

9. A chair of oriental pattern stood opposite him.

10. The guest paced from end to end of the elegant room, thinking over the incidents of the day's journey.

EXERCISE B

21. On the subjects given below write sentences in which the subjects are, for good reasons, thrown out of their natural, or normal, order. Be sure that the thoughts you express are worth while.

1. A beautiful place in the country.

2. A remarkable incident.

3. What you saw at a destructive fire.
4. A railroad wreck.

5. An exciting moment in a story.

6. The most thrilling scene in a play.

7. Your first view of the ocean.
8. The sound at Niagara.
9. A winter snow storm.

10. The value of manual training.

22. Expletives "There" and "It."-Sometimes in order to throw the subject to a position toward the end of the sentence, the introductory there or it is used. When employed in this way they are called expletives.

EXAMPLES

1. It is uncertain whether or not they will do it.
2. There is need of his doing everything in his power.

EXERCISE A

23. In the sentences given below, point out all the expletives. Also indicate the subject in each sentence. Be careful to distinguish between expletive uses and the ordinary uses of there and it.

1. There was a sound of revelry by night.

2. There he stood like a great pillar.

3. Other sound than the owl's voice there was none.

4. It is not probable that he will arrive to-night.

5. There was no one to be found, when he arrived.

6. It is mine.

7. It was a fine specimen of baronial architecture-this château of the marquis.

8. There was not a man in the whole company that did not fear the outcome.

9. It is time that the reform should come.

10. It is excellent to have a giant's strength, but it is tyrannous to use it like a giant.

EXERCISE B

24. Improve the following sentences by using the expletive it or there, thus throwing the real subject to a different position in the sentence.

1. To receive is good but to bestow is better.
2. No escape was visible from immediate disaster.
3. To be gentle is the test of a lady.

4. That he has not succeeded is not his fault.

5. To be true is manly, chivalrous, Christian.

6. Two blighting seasons came when the fields were left with half a harvest.

7. My advice is that you endeavor to be honestly rich or contentedly poor.

8. To find reasons why other folks should be patient is easy. 9. No time is to be lost.

10. Among the trees was a light twittering.

II. This caring for the wounded is a sad business.

12. A voice came from the darkness.

13. A merry brown thrush is sitting up in the tree.

14. Many brave knights stood around the throne.

15. To surround the town and cut off communications was planned.

16. To start a business requires capital.

25. Kinds of Subjects.-Examine the following sentences to find out the various grammatical elements that may serve as subjects:

1. Contentment is a virtue.

2. The strong should never take advantage of their strength to oppress the weak.

3. Who invented the steam engine?

4. Out of debt is usually out of trouble.

5. To fail is often the truest success.

6. Being one's best is more of a privilege than a duty.

7. Whither the enemy had fled, could not be learned.

The Subject may be:

1. A noun.

2. A pronoun.

3. An adjective preceded by the article the.