landed man by the skill of the trader and yet those interests are ever jarring.

7. She did not know where he lived neither could she tell me his name.

8. I was deeply troubled to see such a spirit of dissension in the country for it destroys virtue and common sense.

9. I believe in general that there is and has been such a thing as witchcraft moreover I can give you instances from my own knowledge.

10. That debt lay on the house for one generation but it was retrieved by a gift from a relative.

II. Either he is right or we are wrong.

12. She has been ill hence it is impossible for her to go.

13. He has now lived with me thirty years and he has never once asked anything for himself.

14. He had earned it nevertheless it was refused him.

323. Subordinating Conjunctions.-A subordinating conjunction is one that introduces a dependent clause; that is, connects it with some part of another clause. It may be connected with some part of an independent or of a dependent clause. It may introduce a subject, object, or appositive clause, or an adjective or an adverbial clause.

EXAMPLES

1. Everyone likes him because he is so manly.

2. He is to be congratulated because he succeeded, though the opposition was enormous.

3. That he will be elected is believed by even his opponents. 4. The Governor promised that he would investigate the matter.

324. Uses of Subordinating Conjunctions.-Subordinating conjunctions may denote—

1. Time: When, while, until, as, before, after, ere, till, etc.

2. Place: Where, wherever.

3. Manner: As, how, however.

4. Cause: For, because, since, as, whereas, seeing that, now

that, etc.

5. Condition: If, unless, provided, supposing, in case, on condition that, etc.

6. Concession: Though, although, even though, even if. 7. Purpose: That, in order that, so that, lest.

8. Result: So that, but that, so

that.

9. Introduction: That, whether.

EXERCISE

325. Explain what relationship is denoted by the subordinating conjunctions in the following sentences:

1. A man has no more religion than he acts out in his life. 2. Man can be great when great occasions call.

3. Difficulties spin us whenever they do not check us.

4. After I had pursued the road for several miles, I turned off into a footpath.

5. It was late in the evening when I reached Selkirk.

6. I had come from Edinburgh that I might visit Melrose Abbey.

7. If I am not mistaken, he was a soldier in early life.

8. While Scott was thus discoursing, we were passing up a narrow glen.

9. And suppose he were a young man, unless he persevered he would not succeed.

10. Think not thy time long in this world, since the world itself is not long.

II. The shoemaker makes a good shoe because he makes nothing else.

12. The attack was made, although no command was given. 13. The story was so long that it could not be used.

14. Even if the day were fine, I could not go.

15. As soon as they knew it, they determined to regain the kingdom.

326. The Punctuation of Dependent Clauses.-A few simple rules will be sufficient to cover the punctuation of dependent clauses. They are as follows:

1. Closely Related Clauses.-If the dependent clause restricts the meaning of a word very closely it is not separated by a mark of punctuation.

EXAMPLES

1. We read in order that we may learn.
2. He worked so hard that he broke down.
3. We started long before the sun was up.

2. Loosely Related Clauses.-Clauses that are loosely related to the main clause, or are separated from the part they modify by other modifiers, are preceded by commas.

EXAMPLES

1. He set out, as it was getting late.

2. Judge not, that ye be not judged.

3. Thou hast betrayed thy secret by striving to conceal it, as the bird betrays its nest.

4. (No comma) Thou hast betrayed thy secret as the bird betrays its nest by striving to conceal it.

3. Inverted Clauses.-Dependent limiting clauses, placed at the beginning of the sentence, are followed by commas, unless they are very short.

EXAMPLES

1. When we had finished our work, we set out on a long tramp through the fields.

2. Since the Rambler had ceased to appear, the town had been entertained by a journal called The World. 3. If it comes to that alternative, the financial question will have to give way.

EXERCISE

327. Explain the use of each of the subordinating conjunctions, and insert commas where needed, in the following sentences:

1. Since it was so cloudy we decided it would be better to go by train.

2. Although Robin had had one drubbing that day he entered into the controversy with zest.

3. After the fog cleared away we got a splendid view of the valley.

4. Whereas it seems advisable for us to express our feelings in this matter I make the following motion.

5. However it turns out little or no harm can come to any of us if we take proper precautions.

6. Supposing you fail to find him what will you do then? 7. In order that they might be provided against delay they took provisions for four days.

8. The night was cloudy and there was no moon so progress was very slow as we were entirely unfamiliar with the way.

9. Seeing that you succeeded so well this time we are willing to give you a better trial.

10. Until he proved his ability to bear responsibility he was kept in an unimportant position.

II. Let him that thinketh he standeth take heed lest he fall. 12. Unless you bring a note stating the cause of your tardiness you must remain after school.

13. Even though I knew that he could do it I should hesitate to trust him as he is so unreliable.

14. That he would attain his end everyone believed.

15. Now that Harry has come I suppose you will be able to take your vacation.

CHAPTER XVI

INTERJECTIONS

328. The Interjection.-There is a class of words called interjections, which have a somewhat different use in the sentences than that of any other part of speech. They do not stand as the name of any thing, they do not assert, they do not modify. Yet they have a decided effect on the sentence. The particular function or office of the interjection is to give expression to strong feeling. It shows both the kind and the degree of feeling that accompanies the thought expressed. In this general way an interjection may have a marked effect on the meaning of a sentence.

1. Alas! it is raining.

2. Hurrah! he has come.

EXAMPLES

3. Ha, ha! that is an excellent joke.

328a. Interjectional Phrases and Clauses.-Sometimes we group words into exclamatory phrases and clauses, and sometimes interjections take phrases or clauses as modifiers. In such cases the whole group of words stands as an interjection.