This instruction, it is contended, became "the law of the case" by the decision of the Supreme Court of Appeals and precluded the instructions which plaintiff asked and which otherwise would have been correct, it is insisted, and should have been given.

The instructions refused presented these propositions: (1) The unsafe character or condition of the railway was of itself no defense to the injury caused thereby. (2) Knowledge of it by plaintiff might constitute contributory negligence and diminish the amount of recovery. (3) If the company suffered or permitted the cinders to be placed and to accumulate alongside of its main line in dangerous proximity to the railroad track or road and plaintiff's injury resulted in whole or in part from such negligence, or if the cinders constituted a defect or insufficiency in the railroad track, the verdict should be for plaintiff. (4) Knowledge of the existence of the cinders would not bar recovery but it might be considered with other evidence in determining whether plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence and, if guilty, recovery would not be barred but the amount of recovery would be diminished in proportion to such negligence. (5) To charge plaintiff with contributory negligence he must not only have known of the cinders but also the danger occasioned by them or that the danger was so obvious that a man of ordinary prudence would have appreciated it and not have attempted to get upon the engine at the time and under the circumstances disclosed by the evidence.

The rulings of the trial court and Supreme Court of Appeals upon the instruction given and those refused make the question here and represent the opposing contentions of the parties. The railway company contends that plaintiff's knowledge of the cinder pile and his conduct constituted assumption of risk and a complete defense to the action. The plaintiff, on the other hand, insists that such knowledge and conduct amounted, at the utmost,

Opinion of the Court.

241 U.S.

to no more than contributory negligence and should not have barred recovery, though it might have reduced the amount of recovery. Indeed, plaintiff goes farther and contends that, whatever might have been the evidence respecting his knowledge or lack of knowledge of the danger, he did not assume the risk if the company was negligent; and, further, that employees' continuance in service with knowledge of a dangerous condition and without complaint does not bar recovery under the act of Congress. He concedes, however, that he encounters in opposition to his contentions the ruling in Seaboard Air Line v. Horton, 223 U. S. 492, and therefore asks a review of that case, asserting that "the considerations upon which the true construction of the act depends were not suggested to the court.'

The argument to sustain the assertion and to present what he deems to be the true construction of the act is elaborate and involved. It would extend this opinion too much to answer it in detail. He does not express his contention in any pointed proposition. He makes it through a comparison of the sections of the act and insists that to retain the common-law doctrine of the assumption of risk is to put the fourth section in conflict with the other sections. The basis of the contention is that the act was intended to be punitive of negligence and does not cast on the employees of carriers the assumption of risk of any condition or situation caused by such negligence. This is manifest, it is insisted, from the provisions of the third section of the act which provides that the contributory negligence of the employee "shall not bar a recovery," and of the fifth section which precludes the carrier from exempting itself from liability. This purpose is executed and can only be executed, it is urged, by construing the words of § 4 (which we shall presently quote) to apply to "the ordinary risks inherent in the business-the unavoidable risks which are intrinsic not

withstanding the performance by the carrier of its personal duties. They do not include the 'secondary and ulterior' risks arising from abnormal dangers due to the employer's negligence." And, further: "The object of this section was not to adopt by implication the common-law defense of assumption of risk of such abnormal dangers. Its object was in express terms to exclude the defense which, before the passage of the act, was available to the carrier in determining what are the 'risks of his employment' assumed by the employee."

These, then, are the considerations which plaintiff says were not submitted to the court in the Horton Case and which he urges to support his contention that assumption of risk has been abolished absolutely.

We are unable to concur. The contention attributes to Congress the utmost confusion of thought and language and makes it express one meaning when it intended another.

The language of § 4 demonstrates its meaning. It provides that in any action brought by an employee he "shall not be held to have assumed the risks of his employment in any case where the violation by said common carrier of any statute enacted for the safety of employees contributed to the injury or death of such employee." It is clear, therefore, that the assumption of risk as a defense is abolished only where the negligence of the carrier is in violation of some statute enacted for the safety of employees. In other cases, therefore, it is retained. And such is the ruling in the Horton Case, made upon due consideration and analysis of the statute and those to which it referred. It was said: "It seems to us that § 4, in eliminating the defense of assumption of risk in the cases indicated, quite plainly evidences the legislative intent that in all other cases such assumption shall have its former effect as a complete bar to the action." And there was a comparison made of § 4 with the other

sections and the relation and meaning of each determined and the preservation by the statute of the distinction between assumption of risk and contributory negligence, which was pronounced "simple" although "sometimes overlooked." Cases were cited in which the distinction was recognized and applied (p. 504).

It is, however, contended that the conditions of the application of assumption of risk were not established and that "to charge a servant with assumption of risk the evidence (1) must show that he was 'chargeable with knowledge of the material conditions which were the immediate cause of his injury,' and (2) must establish his 'appreciation of the dangers produced by the abnormal conditions."" The testimony of plaintiff is adduced to show that these conditions did not exist in his case.

He admitted a knowledge of the "material conditions," and it would be going very far to say that a fireman of an engine who knew of the custom of depositing cinders between the tracks, knew of their existence, and who attempted to mount an engine with a vessel of water in his hands holding "not over a gallon" could be considered as not having appreciated the danger and assumed the risk of the situation because he had forgotten their existence at the time and did not notice them. We think his situation brought him within the rule of the cases. Gila Valley Ry. v. Hall, 232 U. S. 94, 102.

It is objected, however, that instruction A, "viewed wholly with reference to common-law principles," is erroneous in that it omitted to state as an element the appreciation by plaintiff of the danger of the situation as necessary to his assumption of risk. But that objection was not made at the trial. The objection made was general, that the instruction did "not correctly state the common-law doctrine of assumption of risk." It was therefore very indeterminate, and we cannot say that the court considered that it was directed to the omission

to express or to bring into prominence the appreciation by plaintiff of the danger he incurred.

The instruction was refused by the trial court upon objection by plaintiff. It was considered by the Supreme Court of Appeals and plaintiff contended against it there only upon the ground that the assumption of risk was not available as a defense under the act of Congress. He made the contention there that he does here, and which we have already considered, that the act of Congress precludes the defense of assumption of risk of any condition or situation caused by the negligence of a carrier. And this was the full extent of plaintiff's contention. Had he made the specific one now made the Supreme Court of Appeals would have dealt with it, for the opinion of the court shows a clear recognition of the elements necessary to the doctrine of assumption of risk and the trial court as well must have understood them; and we cannot suppose that the court discerned in plaintiff's general objection the specification which he now contends was necessary and which it was error to refuse.

Judgment affirmed.

BAUGHAM, ADMINISTRATOR OF BAUGHAM, v. NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA & NORFOLK RAILROAD COMPANY.

ERROR TO THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF VIRGINIA.

No. 327. Argued April 27, 1916.-Decided May 22, 1916.

Whether the injured employee knew of and assumed the risk of the danger resulting in his injury and death depends upon the evidence; and where, as in this case, the state courts, trial and appellate, have