Public Speaker; hence they are not synonyms, but are word. of a kindred signification. It may be remarked that the term Orator signifies one whose speaking is of so high a character as to obtain admiration and respect; Declaimer, one whose speaking is less marked by logical conclusiveness than by meretricious ornament; Haranguer, one whose speaking commands no respect; and Holder-forth, one whose speaking is contemptible. Examples of other kindred nouns will occur to the reader. Many verbs, too, of kindred signification are sometimes mistaken for synonyms. And the same is true of some of the particles of kindred signification. Wishing to avoid unnecessary extension of this paper, I forbear giving examples of mistaken synonyms of verbs, and of particles; the foregoing illustration of the nouns is perhaps sufficient to exhibit the province of the intellect in apprehension, and of the faculty of Language in verbal expression, in discourse.

There are certain deviations from the adoption of the appropriate word, which do not injure the precision of language, while they confer additional power and elegance on the discourse; such are Epithets instead of adjectives, which are frequently adopted, especially by orators and poets. Thus, in order to express the idea a brave man, instead of the adjective brave, an orator might adopt the epithet lion-hearted. In this, and other examples of well-chosen epithets, the intended quality is brought before the mind with more life and power, than when the appropriate adjective, which is the passionless name of the quality, is adopted. The epithet lion-hearted conveys much more to the mind than the adjective brave; for it expresses not mere braveness but lion-braveness: the lion being esteemed the bravest animal, the superlative degree of braveness is signified; and not only this, but a noble braveness, for nobleness is a quality attached to the braveness of the king of beasts. Now, to apprehend all this, which the epithet lion-hearted flashes on the mind, the faculty of Comparison is brought into play, which it is not for the apprehension of the adjective brave; and this circumstance, without calculating the number of other faculties which come into action along with Comparison, is sufficient to indicate the source of the greater power of the epithet. It is true that the epithet expresses a high degree of braveness, and even surpasses what is expressed by the adverb very in the phrase, "a very brave man ;” but the main source of the epithet's energy is in its power to awaken, and bring into combined action, a greater number of the mental faculties, in order to grasp the signification. Thus the epithet not only takes a deeper but a broader hold of the mind than the adjective.

There are Metaphors* and other verbal figures of speech, which some persons have supposed were invented by the orators and rhetoricians of antiquity, for the unworthy purpose of deception; but which, in fact, were the necessary result of the gradual extension of language to meet the demands for expressing an ever-increasing knowledge. The proximate and remote significations of words contained in lexicons, are records of extended and varied significations, which have been added to the primitive sense of the words. This may be illustrated by examining the applications of the English word rising. This word is the name of an action, by which an object is moved from a lower to a higher place. The addition of particles will express rising from, or towards, any given object; the additional notions also of speed, delay, acceleration, resistance, non-resistance, alone, with company, are expressed by various other adjuncts. When an object is rising, as a ball thrown up by the hand, there is a continual increase of distance between it and the hand; which is so obvious a circumstance of the action, as to occasion the adoption of the word rising to name several other actions in which an increase of distance is observed, and to name even actions and conditions, in which that circumstance is conceived to be observable: the sun is rising; a horse is rising four years' old; prices are rising. The action may be applied to the mind, as indeed it is, by the adoption of the word rising to denote its progress and improvement in knowledge, or influence, rank, and wealth. Again, with certain adjuncts, it may signify, to become superior to, to excel, to conquer, to humble another. All these, and several other significations, are given by extending the primitive one to denote actions and conditions, which are more or less similar to the original act.

The department of the science of language, which considers the laws of these variations in the application of words, is named Tropology.† Tropes are classified, in accordance with their peculiarities; as Metaphor, Metonymy, Synecdoche, &c.

There are other rhetorical figures, such as Prosopopoeia, Erotesis, Paralepsis, and the like, which do not spring solely from the language, which are not verbal figures, but are modes of thought and feeling, as well as of expression. An analysis of these figures, in relation to the development of the cerebral organs, and a phrenological distribution of them in accordance with their sources, is yet a desideratum in the philosophy of the human mind. The consideration of these figures, being unnecessary to the subject of this paper, will not now be taken up.

A speaker, whether in oratory or conversation, apart from gesture, action, and facial expression, is not dependent on mere verbal language to convey his notions. It will be observed, that his verbal language is accompanied with the expressive powers of his tones of voice. These tones consist of something more than that stress which is laid on the appropriate syllables of words, and by the situation of which alone, many verbs are distinguished from substantives. The tones of voice enforce, animate, and economise verbal language; they exhibit connection and disconnection of thought; they mark certainty and uncertainty of knowledge; they express each emotion with every degree of intensity which is felt by man. They constitute a language, which may appropriately be named a tone-language. This tone-language is adopted to supplement verbal language; and we all feel its powerful influence in conversation, in oratory, in the strife of debate, and in the drama. Tone-language is a part of music. It was probably the origin of all music. It must be studied as music; and it can be successfully studied only by those having a musical ear. These vocal tones have distinctions under the general terms Pitch, Loudness, Quality, and Duration;* and they can be written on the musical staff with as much precision as ordinary music itself. This tone-language is perceived by the same faculties which perceive music. It is the melody of speech; the term Melody being adopted in the same restricted sense, as when applied to song, in the term Melody of Song, where it designates the path of the voice in singing (irrespective of articulation) through the degrees of pitch of the musical scale. The term Melody of Speech, then, designates the path of the voice in speaking (irrespective of articulation) through the degrees of pitch of the musical scale.

This tone-language is the natural voice of the emotions; it is instinctive, and naturally significant. Observation shews, that in conversation we spontaneously adjust the tone-language to appropriately enforce, animate, and supplement our verbal language; few persons, however, so well adjust them in public speaking, and still fewer in public reading.

Some remarks on the tone-language of man and other animals, as a natural means of communication, will be offered in a separate paper on the general subject of expression. In this paper, I have endeavoured to state the several opinions which are entertained on the function of the organ named Language; I have drawn attention to the fact that all words are names;

*These distinctions are described in my papers on the musical faculties, Phren. Jour., vol. xii., p. 249.

have stated and illustrated the origin of verbal figures of speech; and, finally, have noticed the tone-language which supplements our verbal language, and which, united with it, constitutes Human Speech.

IV. Reliques and Anecdotes of Dr Gall. Communicated by R. R. NOEL, Esq.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE PHRENOLOGICAL JOURNAL.

ROSAWITZ, NEAR BODENBACH, BOHEMIA, 24th November 1843.

DEAR SIR, I forward you translations of extracts from two letters written by Dr Gall. These extracts are in a book, now in my possession, which formerly belonged to the late celebrated archæologist Dr Böttiger. It consists of the pamphlet by Von Selpert, "Gall's Lectures on the Functions of the Brain," &c., Berlin, 1805, bound up with writing paper between each leaf, on which Böttiger, who was well acquainted with Gall, and had attended a course of his lectures, has made numerous notes and remarks, many of them of much interest. Having mentioned these extracts from Gall's letters to Mr Combe, during the visit which I had the pleasure of receiving from him last August, I was asked by him to translate and send them to you for publication. The translation is as literal as possible, perhaps too much so to read well in English.

I. Extract of a letter from Gall to the Oberhofprediger (the head court preacher) Reinhard; June 1st, 1805.-" At the Court of Vienna the suspicion of materialism has long been given up. All the publications on my science (Lehre) are allowed, if the authors abstain from all offensive insinuations against the court itself or the government. The only reason why public lectures are not allowed in Vienna, is because the Emperor has been made to look with suspicion on every public discussion of scientific subjects. It is on this account that extraordinary (extra) lectures, even within the walls of the University, are extremely circumscribed, whilst they are forbidden altogether in private houses, as are likewise private theatricals. However, I know for certain, that the Emperor wishes he had not given out the celebrated "Hand Billet." I have nevertheless remained faithful to my investigations, and hope that you too will approve of my stedfastness. My course of lectures consists of 8 to 10; but each of two hours' duration, since it is not good to break off the connection. It will cause much pleasure to admit free all whose means are limited, young medical men, students, preachers, schoolmasters, &c. Nothing whatever takes place that can shock, in the least, the feelings of the female sex. I beg them only, in general, to slip away a quarter of an hour before the termination of my lectures. In fact, I wish everywhere to have many mothers amongst my auditors, since these have the most important influence on education in the earliest

years, and my doctrines throw much light on this subject. However, I willingly accommodate myself to circumstances."

II. Extract of a letter from Gall to Geheim-Rath Loder; June 1st, 1805.-"It is of the highest importance to me to be able to enjoy the society of a man of your reputation, and, what is still more, of your noble character, to my heart's content, and as leisure will allow. Whatever I know more than you do, I will instruct you in. But how much will you not have to teach me? We will love one another, and be sincere in our devotion to science. If I can rejoice in your instruction and approbation, I shall in every case participate in your merits. What I particularly wish to learn and to see with you, is the spinal-marrow with all the nerves, which latter, however, must not be cut off too short. That which I imagined must be the case, according to the laws which I have pointed out in the structure of the brain, I have already found to be confirmed. We are now working at the spinal-marrow of several cats and dogs. These investigations are to give a clear view of the whole nerves (nervenlehre). In Halle I intend to act as I have done elsewhere; to admit poor students, young medical men, preachers, schoolmasters, &c., free of expense. At present the propagation of my science (Lehre) is my first object; but whenever I go into a foreign land, I shall endeavour to combine with it another. The 'pauper' Aristotle can have no attractions for a man who finds so little indemnification in so-styled Philosophy."

*

*

*

The following remarks and anecdotes, by Dr Böttiger, are taken from the same book :

"Gall derives the greatest enjoyment from imparting his knowledge to others. He compares himself, when lecturing, to a girl who delights in singing or dancing. When a boy, he wished to become a clergyman, owing to the pleasure which it gave him to discourse before others."

"Gall dreams incessantly and agreeably, and if he were to die to-day (he is 41 years of age) he might be said to have lived 80 years; for he never sleeps without dreaming. Disagreeable dreams he is able to banish; his plan is to think disagreeable subjects well over before going to sleep. This satisfies the mind."

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Upon the burning down of the building appointed for the combat of wild animals, &c., in Vienna (der Hetzhof), the only animals which escaped were the bison, which ran into a butcher's yard, and a fox, which in all haste burrowed into the earth, and was dug out alive after the expiration of eight days. All the lions, bears, hyenas, &c., were burnt to death and cast into a deep pit, into which all the dead horses and dogs, and even many of the latter alive, which had been given to a veterinary surgeon to cure, were likewise thrown. Gall procured a ladder and descended into this pit, wandering about amidst the foul carrion, stirring up the bodies with a proper instrument, and cutting off the heads of the lions, bears, hyænas, &c., which he carried away.'

"Count Saurau enabled Gall to procure the head of Frère David.* Gall descended the vault in which the corpse had been lying eight days. With the aid of his assistants, he moved the coffin into a draught of air, and, half averting his face, he himself cut off the head from David's putrid body. Gall has never stolen a single head or skull."

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Gall is of opinion, that in perfect dreamless sleep all is suspended, and that the thinking (power) in us ceases. This alone proves his mate

See Phren. Journal, vol. vi. p. 480.