esteem was roused by touching the back on the spine, immediately below the shoulder-blades; and the feeling was also excited by touching the situation of its recognised organ in the head. But the coquettish manner of Love of Approbation could by no muscular touch that was tried be called forth; yet it instantly appeared when the organ on each side of Selfesteem in the head was appealed to. In one lady's case, I secretly concerted with Mr Braid, that, when I said "centre," he should touch Self-esteem, and " sides," Love of Approbation, both on the head. This we alternated a dozen of times, with the most amusing change, from hauteur to vanity, that a phrenologist could have wished to see. Tune, Time, Colour, Ideality, Caution, were not called forth by the muscular, but could be by the cerebral appeal. Now, even supposing that precise localities in the muscular frame shall in process of time be discovered, to the stimulating of which each and all of these feelings shall respond, still, as the feelings ultimately vibrate in the brain, where this takes place must be in the very localities ascertained by Phrenology, seeing that at that end of the cord, so to speak, the response is unequivocal; each kind of response being limited to the bounds of its own previously ascertained organ.

To my mind, the organology of Phrenology receives much confirmation, if by touching over the previously observed organs the manifestations are brought out; although it may be also true that the same manifestations can be brought out by touching other parts of the body. We do not question the localization of its proper propensity in the cerebellum, because its specific feeling can be excited in other localities. Neither is the evidence weakened by the fact, of which I saw several proofs in Mr Braid's hands, that the ideas conveyed in words will rouse the feelings to a very great degree in the different organs. We know that this is true in the waking state; hence the danger of corrupting books or conversation. I saw different feelings always, be it marked, the primitive faculties of Phrenology-called forth in Mr Braid's subjects, who were, beyond all doubt, deeply hypnotic at the time. When he whistled a waltz, a lady in the sleep began to move in waltz measure with uncommon grace; when he sung, she sung; and, stimulated by his words, she made a fierce attack upon me to rob me, attempting to plunder my pockets, and possessing herself of something belonging to me-which, by an appeal, still in words, to her Conscientiousness and Shame, she was made to restore, with a flood of tears. I shall never forget that lady; she was in a superior rank in life, residing some miles out of Manchester; and I was introduced to her and her family by

Mr Braid, who paid her a non-professional visit, in the hope that she would consent to be hypnotised for my gratification. She most cheerfully and obligingly complied. Naturally a beautiful and elegant young woman, her movements and attitudes, in the exaltation of the hypnotic sleep, exceeded, in gracefulness and expressive power, anything I ever witnessed in the most accomplished displays of the stage. I was before aware, for I had seen several instances in Edinburgh and London, and one in Mr Braid's own hands, that very ordinary looking persons can be rendered beautiful, and always graceful, in the nervous sleep,—proving how much beauty depends upon expression; but the case now described presented a series of studies for the sculptor, painter, or actor, of the most exquisite kind. This young lady expressed no feeling that is not recognised by Phrenology, whether excited by touching the organs on the head, or the muscles, or by calling up the ideas by words; and when precision in manifestation was wanted, recourse was always had to the brain direct. One example I recal. As she joined her palms and sank gracefully on her knees, in answer to the muscular appeal to Veneration immediately under the breast-bone or sternum, the ingredient of rapturous ecstasy was added to her expression,-and how? by touching the organs of Hope, Ideality, and Wonder, on the head. The attitude and expression became heavenly. In an instant, a touch on the spine roused her from her knees, and changed her whole demeanour to a strut of proud defiance. Another was given to the organ of Love of Approbation, on the head, when she bowed and moved her hands from side to side with an air of coquetry, with "nods, and becks, and wreathed smiles," from which the greatest adept in genteel comedy might have taken a lesson. The waltz easily followed when music was given her, and her dancing movements were perfect.

One observation made by Mr Braid, if true, would, I freely admit, upset all my above arguments for Phreno-Hypnotism, namely, that, in the third or rigid and torpid stage of Hypnotism, the manifestations are reversed-the lower organs bringing out the higher manifestations, and vice versa. This is vastly too important to be lightly averred. We must see a hundred unequivocal instances of it, before we can subscribe to it. Now, I did not see one; and when it is recollected that the third stage is the stage of torpor, I should rather expect that no manifestations can be brought out in that stage at all. Nothing perplexed me more than this thesis of Mr Braid's, and I am not sure that I understand it yet. Experiments, "decies, deciesque, repetita," are called for on this by far the boldest of Mr Braid's propositions, and the greatest of his discoveries, if

discovered it shall be, which, with great deference to him, I cannot imagine it ever will. On his own theory of suggesting ideas or feelings by stimulating certain muscles, the notion of inversion seems an absolute inconsistency.

I have to repeat my great obligations to Mr Braid for much pleasure, and no small instruction. I witnessed some gratifying applications of Hypnotism to disease, saw marked improvement, and conversed with several cured patients, who described to me their interesting experience. But into that branch of the subject, as not suited for your Journal, I will not enter.—I am, yours, &c., JAMES SIMPSON.

NORTHUMBERLAND STREET, Edinburgh,

1st June 1844.

V. Juvenile Delinquency-Prevention of Crime.*

We have been favoured with a copy of a paper drawn up by Mr Brebner, Superintendent of County of Lanark Prisons, and Mr H. Miller, Superintendent of Police in this city [now in Liverpool], relative to the propriety of establishing Houses of Refuge for juvenile offenders. It is intended for the consideration of the Lord Advocate, and contains a variety of valuable observations and suggestions on the important subjects of which it treats. The evils of the existing system may be briefly enumerated as follows:-1st, the impossibility, in the present crowded state of our prisons, of classifying the prisoners with a due regard to their degrees of guilt, and with the view of preventing the comparatively innocent from being brought into contact with the more hardened class of offenders; 2dly, the difficulty of dealing with juvenile offenders confined for a first offence, so as to avoid the evils which are found to arise from short committals, without subjecting them to terms of imprisonment disproportioned to their offences; and, 3dly, the want of a proper system of disposing of liberated offenders, so as to prevent them from returning to the haunts of crime from which they have been temporarily rescued. Messrs Brebner and Miller allude to the startling fact that there are many persons in Glasgow "who have been imprisoned from twenty to fifty times for minor offences, who have only been set at liberty to return to their old courses, and to contaminate society by their pernicious conduct, without having them

* This article is extracted from the Glasgow Citizen, a newspaper conducted with much care, good sense, and correct taste, and in which particular attention is bestowed on the means of social improvement. The article originally appeared on 27th January last.-ED.

selves profited in any way, or been reformed, by the punishment they have undergone." One woman is mentioned who has actually been seventy-five times in prison for drunkenness and disorderly conduct! The advantages which would result from Houses of Refuge, properly regulated, and affording sufficient accommodation, are thus enumerated :

"Houses of Refuge for juvenile offenders, if established and supported to a proper extent, would be found not merely to ease the prisons of their present load, but, in a short time, to diminish, visibly, the number of offenders. Nothing can shew this more strongly than the fact, that at this moment there could easily be collected, in this city, upwards of 1000 juveniles of both sexes, who are either known to the police as thieves, and the associates of thieves, or who, from the abandoned habits of their parents or guardians, or perhaps having no guardians at all, are likely to become thieves. It is lamentable to think that while such pains are taken to reform hardened offenders, by teaching them trades which may enable them to earn an honest livelihood when set at liberty, and at the same time to give them the benefit of a sound moral education, such feeble efforts should be made to prevent young persons from going astray, and swelling the ranks of those (in most cases) hardened offenders, with whom our prisons are at present crowded. There are at present in this city two Houses of Refuge—one for males, and the other for females— capable of accommodating about 500 persons; but, from want of funds the authorized assessment for their support being totally inadequate-there are only about 250 inmates of both sexes in these institutions. It will thus be seen, that even although these institutions were in full operation, there would still be many hundreds of young persons left to mix with their vicious and abandoned companions--gradually becoming more and more hardened, until they become adepts in crime, and are got rid of by imprisonment or transportation. There can be no doubt that this is the root of the evil; and that by providing sufficient accommodation for such persons in Houses of Refuge-authorizing magistrates to send them to these institutions, either with or without their own consent—and weeding society of old and hardened offenders, who are beyond all hope of reformation-and by adopting transportation instead of the present system of re-committal for long periods, the amount of crime in this country would very soon be diminished.

"It frequently occurs that juvenile thieves are tried in the Police-court for the theft of some articles of very trifling value VOL. XVII. N. S. NO. XXVII.-JULY 1844.

-such as provisions, weights from shop-counters, &c., &c.; and although found guilty, are, in consequence of the impossibility of getting them into a House of Refuge, and on account of their extreme youth (some of them being not more than nine or ten years of age), handed over to their parents, although the latter in many cases are very improper guardians, on account of their own bad habits. The magistrates are frequently at a loss how to dispose of such cases, it being quite obvious that a short period of imprisonment would be of no avail, but, on the contrary, would be positively injurious.

"The expense of maintaining, or the benefits to be derived from, such institutions, should not be confined to particular localities; for the evil being a national one, so also should be the remedy. A sufficient number of Houses of Refuge should be established in different parts of the country, and the funds necessary for their support raised in the same manner as the prison assessments, in virtue of an act of Parliament; for, from the experiments already made, it is very apparent that no local assessments will ever be sufficient to carry out the principle to an extent that will be generally beneficial. The management of these institutions might be most advantageously placed in the hands of the General Board of Directors of Prisons; and it is believed that no system of prison discipline, however good in itself, will be of avail, unless Houses of Refuge are employed as auxiliaries in the manner already mentioned."

These suggestions, coming as they do from men practically engaged in the administration of criminal justice, appear to us to merit the deepest consideration. With regard to the disposal of liberated offenders, Messrs Brebner and Miller throw out the following hints:

"Means should be provided for giving employment to such persons at a distance from their old associates, and the scene of their downfal and disgrace, when they express any desire to be employed, or to live by their own labour; and even to assist them in emigrating to the Colonies, and entering the mercantile marine service, &c. When they decline taking the benefit of this provision, and insist on returning to their former haunts, little good can be expected of them; and the police of the locality should at once be furnished with information of their release, in order that they may be kept under surveillance."

We have not room to enter farther into detail on this important subject. The quotations, however, which we have made above, sufficiently shew the lamentable deficiency of the * ans at present existing for the repression of crime. It is

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