(132 Minn. 446, 157 N. W. 723.) the same cause of action as a former one in which judgment was rendered, the doctrine of estoppel by verdict applies, and plaintiff is bound by the former judgment only as to matters actually litigated and determined in the former suit. [See 15 R. C. L. 973.] - position taken in former action. 6. The defendant who succeeds in defeating an action, on the ground that the pleadings did not warrant a recovery on the facts proved, is estopped in a second action, based on the theory which prevailed in the former suit, to insist that the action is barred by the former judgment, because the matter might properly have been settled in that action. [See 15 R. C. L. 958.] APPEAL by defendant from an order of the District Court for Hennepin County (Dickinson, J.) denying a motion for judgment notwithstanding a verdict for plaintiff or for a new trial in an action brought to recover for services rendered to defendant by plaintiff's assignor. Affirmed. The facts are stated in the opinion of the court. Messrs. Freeman P. Lane, John Ott, Burdett C. Thayer, and A. D. Smith for appellant. Messrs. Anthony T. Grotte and Francis B. Hart for respondent. Taylor, C., filed the following opinion: Plaintiff brought this action to recover for services rendered by one Hart as an attorney at law in the preparation and trial of several lawsuits for defendant, another attorney. The claim for such services had been duly assigned to plaintiff, and he recovered a verdict. Defendant made a motion, in the alternative, for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or for a new trial, and appealed from the order of the district court denying such motion. Plaintiff brought a prior action to recover for the same services, which resulted in a judgment in favor of defendant; and the first and principal question now presented is whether that judgment bars him from maintaining the present action. In the former action, plaintiff alleged the performance of the services, and that defendant agreed to pay the sum of $50 per day for the work performed in court in the trial of cases, and $25 per day for the work performed in the office in the preparation of such cases, and further alleged that the services rendered were reasonably worth such amounts. Defendant admitted the employment, but alleged that the services were performed under an express contract whereby Hart was to receive $25 per day for the trial of cases, and $10 per day for the preparation thereof, and further alleged that Hart had been paid in full for all services rendered by him. At the opening of the former trial, defendant made a motion that plaintiff be required to elect whether he would rely upon an express contract, or upon quantum meruit, and he elected to rely upon quantum meruit. At the close of the evidence, the court instructed the jury to the effect that plaintiff, having elected to rely upon quantum meruit, could not recover if the services were performed under an express contract, and directed them to determine whether the services were performed under an express contract, and to return a verdict for defendant in case they found that such was the fact. The court further instructed the jury, in substance, that, if the services were not performed under an express contract, the jury should determine the reasonable value thereof and the amount already paid to Hart therefor, and, if Hart had not been paid in full, they should return a verdict for plaintiff for the balance unpaid; but, if Hart had already been paid in full, they should return a verdict for defendant. As the case was submitted to the jury, they were required to return a verdict for defendant in case they found either that the services were performed under an express contract, or that Hart had already been paid the reasonable value of such services. They could return a verdict for plaintiff only in case they found that the services had not been performed under an express contract, and that they were reasonably worth more than had been paid. Both parties tried the case upon the theory laid down by the court in its charge, and acquiesced in the instructions given the jury as correctly stating the rules by which they were to be governed; and, whether such instructions were right or wrong, neither party can now question their correctness. The jury returned a general verdict in favor of defendant, and, on appeal to Appealacquiescence in instructionsright to question. this court, this verdict was sustained (Leonard v. Schall, 125 Minn. 291, 146 N. W. 1104, Ann. Cas. 1915C, 922), and thereafter judgment was duly rendered thereon. In the present action, plaintiff seeks to recover upon the express contract which defendant asserted and relied upon to defeat the former action, and the first question is whether the cause of action which plaintiff seeks to enforce in this suit is the same cause of action which he sought to enforce in the former suit. If it Estoppeljudgment-bar. is, the doctrine commonly termed estoppel by judgment applies, and plaintiff is bound by the judgment in the former suit, and barred from maintaining this suit; if it is not the same cause of action, the doctrine commonly termed estoppel by verdict applies, and plaintiff is bound by the former judgment only verdict. as to those matters Defendant insists that, under the rule announced in Meyer v. Saterbak, 128 Minn. 304, 150 N. W. 901, the pleadings in the former suit entitled plaintiff to present and enforce therein the cause of action which he now asserts in this suit, and that the judgment in that suit is a bar to this suit for that reason. Conceding defendant's premise, his conclusion does not follow. In explanation of the position taken by the parties and the court at the former trial, it may not be amiss to note that the decision cited was not made until some time after that trial, and that earlier decisions gave color for the position there taken. But conceding that the pleadings in the former suit were sufficient to entitle plaintiff to enforce his present cause of action in that suit, it is nevertheless true that, at defendant's instance, the trial court held, and instructed the jury as a matter of law, at the former trial, that plaintiff could not recover in that suit upon the present cause of action. Even if the rule applied was not correct, it was applied at defendant's instance, as the law governing the rights of the parties in that suit and plaintiff's rights therein was fixed and determined by -position taken it, and defendant cannot now question its correctness. He is now estopped from asserting that the cause of action upon the express contract relied upon in the present suit is the same cause of action upon which plaintiff sought to recover in the former suit. But, aside from the question of estoppel, it may well be held that the cause in former action. Judgmentestoppeldifferent cause of action. (132 Minn. 446, 157 N. W. 723.) of action tried in the first suit was not the same as the cause of action in the second suit, although both arose out of the same transaction. See Marshall v. Gilman, 52 Minn. 88, 53 N. W. 811; West v. Hennessey, 58 Minn. 133, 59 N. W. 984; Wayzata v. Great Northern R. Co. 67 Minn. 385, 69 N. W. 1073; Swanson v. Great Northern R. Co. 73 Minn. 103, 75 N. W. 1033; Rossman v. Tilleny, 80 Minn. 160, 81 Am. St. Rep. 247, 83 N. W. 42; Kaaterud v. Gilbertson, 96 Minn. 66, 104 N. W. 763; Stitt v. Rat Portage Lumber Co. 101 Minn. 93, 111 N. W. 948. The next question is whether the issues in the present suit were in fact litigated and determined in the former suit so as to enable defendant to invoke the doctrine of estoppel by verdict. The verdict in the former suit may have been based upon either of two grounds: that the services in question had been rendered under an express contract; or that the reasonable value thereof had been paid in full. If it was based upon the ground that an express contract existed between the parties, and that plaintiff could not recover for that reason, the issues in the present suit were not determined thereby; if it was based upon the ground that Hart had already been paid in full for his services, the issues in the present suit were determined thereby. In Neilson v. Pennsylvania Coal & Oil Co. 78 Minn. 113, 80 N. W. 859, the rule governing estoppel by verdict was stated by Chief Justice Start as follows: "A former judgment does not operate as an estoppel by verdict except as to facts shown to have been directly and distinctly put in issue, and the finding of which was necessary to uphold the judgment." In Irish American Bank v. Ludlum, 56 Minn. 317, 57 N. W. 927, Chief Justice Gilfillan said: "It should appear with certainty that the court or jury must have found the fact in order to reach the verdict or decision; in 4 A.L.R.- 74. other words, that the finding of the fact was necessarily involved." To the same effect, see Augir v. Ryan, 63 Minn. 373, 65 N. W. 640; Macomb Sewer-Pipe Co. v. Hanley, 61 Minn. 350, 63 N. W. 744. As it does not appear that the issues in the present suit were necessarily determined by the former judgment, that judgment had no effect as an estoppel by verdict. A suit in the United States court, conducted by Hart for defendant against the Northern Pacific Railway Company, resulted in a verdict for the railway company, and an appeal was taken to the United States circuit court of appeals, where the verdict was sustained. Defendant claims that plaintiff is not entitled to recover for the services rendered by Hart in this suit, for the reason that it conclusively appears that these services were rendered under a special agreement excepting them from the general contract of employment, and whereby Hart was to receive a specified part of the amount recovered, if the suit was successful, and was to receive nothing if the suit was unsuccessful. Hart claims that he agreed to make the contingent contract only on condition that defendant would agree to pay him $50 per day for court work and $25 per day for office work in the other cases; that defendant refused to agree to pay those prices, and that the special agreement never became effective for that reason. The negotiations in respect to the special agreement apparently took place after the case had been tried and the verdict rendered, but before the appeal had been taken. We think the evidence, taken as a whole, made a fair question for the jury as Trial juryto whether this spe- change of cial agreement had been entered into, and that their verdict cannot be disturbed upon the ground urged. contract. Defendant contends that the trial court erred in instructing the jury that the burden was upon defend ant to establish this special agreement; that in fact the burden was upon plaintiff to prove that all the services for which he sought to recover were rendered under the contract which he alleged. This is probably true as a general rule; but in the present case there was a general contract of employment, under which Hart was to receive a specified price per day for such services as he should perform for defendant, and a considerable portion of the services in question had been rendered under that contract before the special agreement is claimed to have been made. Under these circumstances, if the services in question were excepted from the prior contract by a subsequent agreement, the one asserting that fact should establish it. We find no reversible error, and the order appealed from is affirmed. NOTE. The effect of a judgment against claim, based on original form of indebtedness, as res judicata as to claim based on new or substituted obligation, is the subject of the annotation beginning at p. 1173, post. While an action on an express contract, after a judgment denying recovery on quantum meruit, is not strictly an action on a new or substituted obligation, such actions seem to be governed by the same principle, and have been included in that note. This case is in harmony with the view therein expressed that the question of res judicata in such a case depends on the ground on which the former judgment was rendered. CORRUGATED CULVERT COMPANY, Plff. in Err., V. SIMPSON TOWNSHIP, McIntosh County. Oklahoma Supreme Court - September 14, 1915. (51 Okla. 178, 151 Pac. 854.) Judgment - on open account - subsequent action on warrant. 1. Where a party brings an action upon an indebtedness for goods and material furnished, and a general demurrer on the ground that the petition does not state a cause of action is sustained, and judgment entered thereon becomes final, it is res judicata in an action upon a warrant issued by the township; the consideration for said warrant being the indebtedness sued on in the first action. [See note on this question beginning on page 1173.] - on demurrer effect. 2. A judgment or decree rendered on demurrer to a material pleading on the ground that the facts therein stated are insufficient in law is as conclusive of the matters and things confessed by the demurrer as a verdict finding the same facts to be true; and such a judgment or decree, unappealed from, becomes a final judgment or decree upon the merits. [See 15 R. C. L. 986.] scope. 3. A judgment or decree upon the Headnotes by MCKEOWN, C. merits is conclusive between the parties and those in privity with them, and the facts thus established can never thereafter be contested between them, even upon a different cause of action; and where the subsequent action is upon the same cause of action, not only the facts thus adjudicated are concluded, but all the material facts which might have been presented as constituting the claim or defense are concluded between the same parties or their privies. [See 15 R. C. L. 950 et seq.] (51 Okla. 178, 151 Рас. 854.) ERROR to the County Court for McIntosh County (Rushing, J.) to review a judgment in defendant's favor in an action brought to recover the amount alleged to be due for goods sold and delivered by plaintiff to defendant. Affirmed. The facts are stated in the Commissioner's opinion. Messrs. Griffing & Hopper for plaintiff in error. Messrs. Van Court & Reubelt for de fendant in error. McKeown, C., filed the following opinion: The Corrugated Culvert Company, plaintiff in error on the record here, filed its petition in the trial court on August 13, 1912, asking judgment against Simpson township, McIntosh county, Oklahoma, defendant in error, for the sum of $402.63, with interest at 6 per cent from July 5, 1910, upon a certain warrant issued on July 5, 1910, by the officers of the defendant township. To the petition of the Culvert Company the township answered, and among several defenses set up was paragraph 3 of the answer, which is as follows: "That all the matters and things set forth in plaintiff's petition filed herein have been by this court settled and adjudicated in a former action, wherein this plaintiff was plaintiff and this defendant defendant. Copies of plaintiff's petition in said cause, proceedings, and judgment of the court therein, are hereto attached and made a part of this answer." The substance of the petition referred to in paragraph 3 of the answer, and made a part of the same, is that the township is indebted to the Culvert Company in the sum of $402 "on account of goods sold and delivered pursuant to a verbal contract entered into" between the com pany and the township through their respective officers, and "that said goods were used in the township in building and constructing bridges and culverts on the public highways of said township;" that said goods were sold and delivered to the township on March 5, 1909. The Culvert Company alleged that the goods were sold to Burton and Simpson townships, and it was agreed by all parties concerned that each township was to pay one half of the bill, which in toto was $804, making Simpson township liable for $402. It was further alleged that the account was not barred by the Statute of Limitations, by reason of a certain acknowledgment in writing of the debt by the township, which writing was attached to the petition. To this first petition filed by the Culvert Company the township filed a demurrer, "on the ground that same does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action in favor of the plaintiff and against defendant." The trial court sustained the defendant's demurrer to plaintiff's first petition, because the petition on its face disclosed that the debt claimed by plaintiff was barred by the Statute of Limitations, and for the further reason that the petition failed to show that the account sued on had been presented to the township board to be allowed or disallowed. The plaintiff was granted time to amend, and, failing to further plead, the trial court dismissed the petition. The Culvert Company did not appeal from the order sustaining the demurrer or from the action of the court in dismissing the petition. The filing of the petition on August 13, 1912, by the Culvert Company on the warrant, was subsequent to the decision and ruling of the trial court sustaining the demurrer of the township to the company's petition. The Culvert Company in this action filed a demurrer to the third defense of the township, on the ground that it did not state facts sufficient to constitute a defense to plaintiff's petition, or any cause of action therein stated. The trial court overruled the demurrer, and, the Culvert Company refusing to plead further, the court dismissed |