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1 E.g. "Nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the law." E.g.-"All persons are by nature free and equal and have certain inalienable rights..

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3 E.g. "The General Assembly shall not grant to any citizen or class of citizens privileges or immunities which upon the same terms shall not equally belong to all citizens." E.g. "All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation throughout the State and no special law shall be passed where provision can be made by general law." E.g.-"All political power is inherent in the people. Government is instituted for their equal protection and benefit." • These provisions vary greatly from State to State and often exist along with other equal protection language. They are included to indicate that State courts have, in theory, great

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latitude in shaping the parameters of their State's equal protection guarantees.

Limited to discrimination on the basis of race, religion, national origin, etc.

8 No discrimination

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.. in respect to the acquisition, ownership, possession, enjoyment or descent of property." "Government is

instituted for the common benefit... and not for the particular emolument or advantage of any single man.

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10 "Since equality in the enjoyment of natural and civil rights is only made through political equality, the laws of this state affecting the political rights and privileges of its citizens shall be without distinction of race, color, sex, or any circumstances or condition whatever other than individual incompetency or unworthiness duly ascertained by a court of competent jurisdiction."

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Table III.-Characteristics of State Constitutional Education Provisions

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general

other

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"'establish"

"'maintain"

"support"

"organize''

"control"'

Fiscal power
at least
partly del-

egated to
locals

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2 Legislature has discretion whether or not to provide public education; local governmental units may abolish public school systems. 3 "Wherein equal opportunities shall be provided for all students."

4 Education clause repealed in 1965.

• General Assembly has constitutional responsibility for overseeing the quality of public education in the state.

7 "It is the paramount duty of the state to make ample provision for the education of all children residing within its borders, without distinction or preferences on account of race, color, cost or sex."

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8 Requisites a system of "... historic schools which shall be as nearly uniform as practicable.

"The right of the citizen to opportunities for education should have practical recognition."

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Table IV. Characteristics of State Constitutional Tax Uniformity Provisions

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Notes: 1 "Property ... shall forever be taxed at the same rate. ..." 2 Case law interpretation

3 Allowed for real estate only in counties with population of more than 200,000.

With certain exceptions, not including real estate.

5 "apportioned and assessed equally"

6 "according to just value"

No classification of land allowed, but classification of improvements on real property allowed.

8 "Proportional and reasonable assessments. rates and taxes"

10 "proportional valuation" State has adopted a new constitution that requires State assessment for property taxes, requires localities to use State valuation, and includes a local accountability provisions.

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11 "according to the same standard of value"

12 Grants property tax relief to persons over 65 years of age.

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