which the act and notes were executed. "On the 25th May, 1839, being three days subsequent to the giving of the mortgage, and the receipt of the above loans, Hagan executes another act of mortgage, before the same notary, in favor of the same banks, upon the same real estate. The debts to be secured, and the circumstances under which the mortgage was agreed to be given, as well as the extent of Hagan's contract, will be best exhibited by citing the language of the act: 66 'Personally came and appeared John Hagan, of this city, who declared that Messrs. Hagan, Niven & Co., Buchanan, Hagan & Co. and Thomas Barrett & Co., of this city, merchants, are justly and truly indebted unto the Exchange & Banking Company of New Orleans, as follows, to wit: the said firms of Hagan, Niven & Co., and Buchanan, Hagan & Co., jointly, in the full sum of $21,000, and the said firm of Thomas Barrett & Co., in the full sum of $60,000, to secure the payment of which debts, the said firms have respectively furnished and delivered certain collateral securities now in the possession of, and held by the said company. And, furthermore, that the said Hagan, Niven & Co., are justly and truly indebted unto the New Orleans Canal & Banking Company, in the full sum of $26,508.85, for which they have furnished their promissory note, drawn to the order of, and endorsed by the said Buchanan, Hagan & Co., dated on the second day of August, 1838, and made payable on the eighth day of August, 1840, fixed, to secure the punctual payment of which note, he, the said appearer, granted a special mortgage in favor of the said New Orleans Canal & Banking Company, on certain property situated in this city, by an act passed before William Christy, a notary public in this city, on the 2d day of August, 1838; and whereas the said companies have loaned unto him, the said appearer, the aggregate sum of $32,000, that is to say, the sum of $20,000 by the said Exchange & Banking Company, and the sum of $12,000 by the said New Orleans Canal & Banking Company, to secure the payment of which amounts, he, the said appearer, granted a special mortgage in favor of the said companies respectively, on certain landed premises, by an act passed before me, notary, on the 22d day of May instant, which loans were made and granted as aforesaid, on the express condition, and with the understanding, that he, the said appearer, should still further secure the payment of the debts and liabilities due and owing by the said firms respectively, to the said companies, as herein before mentioned, by granting another special mortgage in favor of said companies on the same landed premises, last above referred to and mentioned. "Now, therefore, in consideration of the premises, and in order to secure the full and final payment of the above mentioned and recited debts and liabilities, within the space and term of three years, to commence and be computed from the date hereof, he, the said John Hagan, moreover declared, that he does, by these presents, mortgage, affect and specially hypothecate, in favor of the said Exchange & Banking Company of New Orleans, and New Orleans Canal & Banking Company, both duly incorporated institutions of this state, in the proportion of the amounts to them respectively due and owing by the above mentioned firms, all and singular the following described property, to wit.' "Then follows the description of the property, and the act proceeds: 'And the said John Hagan, doth hereby bind and obligate himself not to sell, alienate, nor incumber the hereinbefore described and mortgaged premises, nor any part thereof, to the prejudice of this mortgage. And doth moreover, by these presents, confess judgment for the amounts of the said debts and liabilities of the said firms respectively, as hereinbefore set forth and ex (— Miss., 108 So. 424.) pressed; and agrees that, in case of nonpayment of the same, as herein stipulated, the law in such cases made and provided, may be strictly enforced and summarily put into execution. It being, however, agreed and expressly understood by and between the parties hereto, that the said companies shall not proceed against the said described property, and attempt to make the same liable under the present mortgage now being granted, until they shall have first exhausted the collaterals and mortgage securities now in their possession and hereinabove referred to and mentioned, or made all due and reasonable efforts to realize and make good the same.' "The Exchange Bank having become insolvent, its affairs were placed in the hands of commissioners, who, in 1844, made a sale at public auction of its assets. At this sale Adams became the purchaser of four notes to Thomas Barrett & Co., indorsed by Hermann, Briggs & Co., amounting in all to a principal sum of $54,850, the whole adjudicated at the price of $210. Preston became the purchaser of two notes of Buchanan, Hagan & Co., indorsed by Hagan, Niven & Co., amounting to a principal sum of $6,100, at the price of $200; of four notes of J. B. Marks, indorsed by Hagan, Niven & Co., amounting to a principal sum of $1,060, at the price of $40; and of a draft of Buchanan, Hagan & Co., on Redmond, and Hagan, Niven & Co., for a principal sum of $5,500, at the price of $30. These assets accord with the principal sum of $67,510 claimed by Adams and Preston, as above stated. After the adjudications, Adams and Preston entered into an agreement of equal partnership in the assets thus purchased. Adams, however, discontinued, as to himself, the claims set up in this suit, during the progress of the trial. "The first point of defense urged by Hagan is, that the obligations or debts thus purchased by Adams and Preston, are not the debts which the mortgage of 25th May, 1839, was given to secure. This point was la boriously contested in the court below. We do not consider it indispensable now to examine it; and assuming therefore, for the purposes of our present inquiries, the identity of the indebtedness, we proceed to the second point of Hagan's defense. "Preston contends that the act of 25th May, 1839, imposes on Hagan a personal responsibility for the indebtedness of the parties therein recited; Hagan, on the contrary, maintains that by that act he did nothing more than mortgage his property. "It is not necessary that the mortgage should be given by the person contracting the principal obligation; it may be given for the contract of a third person.' Civ. Code, art. 3262. "When a person has given a mortgage on his property for the obligation of a third party, it is necessary to inquire whether he only gave the mortgage, or whether he bound himself personally for the fulfillment of the obligation.' Id. art. 3263. "In the former case, that is if he has only mortgaged his property to secure the fulfillment of an obligation by a third person, no right of action exists against him personally, but merely an action of mortgage against the thing, to have it seized and sold, so that, if it perishes, he who mortgaged it shall be released from every species of obligation.' Id. art. 3264. "On the other hand, if the person who has given a mortgage for another, has bound himself personally for the fulfillment of the obligation, independently of the mortgage, there shall exist against him a right of personal action, and he shall not be released, even if the thing mortgaged should perish.' Id. art. 3265. "The question, then, is a question of intention, to be solved by a just and reasonable interpretation of the whole instrument, and the expressions therein used by the parties. Though the several debtors to the bank, recited in the act, had given notes, Hagan was not required to endorse them. In the recitation of the agreement upon which the loans. of $12,000 and of $20,000 were made, the language is not that he shall personally bind himself, but that he shall still further secure the debts and liabilities of the said firms, by granting another special mortgage in favor of said companies on certain real estate. "The mortgaging clause declares that 'in consideration of the premises,' that is, the pre-existing agreement thus recited, and in order to secure the full and final payment of those debts of the firms named, he mortgages, affects and specially hypothecates the described proper ty. "In the stipulations for time, it is agreed that the bank shall not proceed against the mortgaged property until the lapse of three years, nor until they shall first exhaust certain collaterals. If Hagan had intended to be personally bound, we cannot believe he would have omitted to stipulate for a like freedom from personal pursuit. "The clause of confession of judgment, is much relied on by Hagan's adversary. That clause is found in its usual position in the notarial act, to-wit, in that portion which provides safeguards and remedies for the enforcement of the mortgage. It follows the pact de non alienando, which is a clause intended to relieve the mortgagee from the necessity and delay of action against a subsequent purchaser. The object of the confession clause is to give in distinct terms the remedy of executory process against the land. Such a clause does not authorize a fieri facias against the mortgagor's other property, nor a registration in the nature of a judicial mortgage. It is, in our opinion, a mere provision, that concerns the mortgagee's remedy against the hypothecated property. "Again, in the accepting clause of the act, the language is, the presidents of the respective banks, etc., 'do by these presents accept the foregoing mortgage, with all and singular the rights, benents and privileges resulting therefrom.' "Suretyship is construed strictly. The law favors the surety. 'Suretyship cannot be presumed; it ought to be expressed; and is to be restrained within the limits intended by the contract.' Civ. Code, art. 3008. Suretyship does not operate a mortgage on the property of the surety, unless there has been an express agreement. Civ. Code, art. 3010. And, by parity of reasoning, a mortgage of property as security, should not operate the personal responsibility of the mortgagor, unless so expressly declared. "We, therefore, are of opinion that Hagan contracted personal liability for the debts thus proposed to be secured. But, however this may be, the first and second points above stated are merged in the third point, which we now proceed to consider. "In opening the argument on the question of usury, the counsel for Hagan, aware that this plea is usually an odious one in public opinion, and is also scanned with something like disfavor by courts of equity, has defended the reputation of his client, by suggesting that Hagan has never sought to invalidate, as he says he might successfully have done, the claim of the Canal Bank for its full debt of $12,000, and 8 per cent, interest, and that he has only taken. refuge under this plea, at a late period of the trial, to aid himself in resisting a vigorous effort made by his adversary to impose upon him a personal liability for debts amounting, in principal alone, to $67,510, and bought by his antagonists for $470. This is a question which concerns the reputation of Hagan, rather than the legal merits of this controversy; but it is perhaps just to say in passing, that the remarks of the counsel with regard to his client's motives and conduct, seem justified by the record. "The intervener has strenuously contended that a lawful consideration for the mortgage of 25th May, 1839, is to be found in the delay (— Miss. —, 108 So. 424.) which he says is accorded to the embarrassed merchants, the friends and relatives of Hagan, whose debts are thereby secured. An examination of the act has not satisfied us that such delay was thereby stipulated in favor of those parties. It is true that, under the article of the Code which he has cited, a person may, in his own name, make some advantage for a third person the condition or consideration of a commutative contract; and, if such third person consents to avail himself of the advantage stipulated in his favor, the contract cannot be revoked. But has there been such a stipulation here? The stipulation is: That the said companies shall not proceed against the said described property, and attempt to make the same liable, under the present mortgage now being granted, until they shall have first exhausted the collaterals and mortgage securities now in their possession, and hereinabove referred to and mentioned, or made all due and reasonable efforts to realize and made good the same.' In a preceding part of the act, upon which the counsel relies, is also to be found this expression: "To secure the full and final payment of the debts and liabilities of the firms within three years from the 25th May, 1845,' Hagan grants the mortgage, etc. "We do not see in these expres sions and stipulations a contract by the banks which would have inhibited them from immediate action against those debtors. The natural and fair construction is this: I, Hagan, for the loan you have given me, not only have promised to pay the loan, and seven per cent. interest, but I also agreed to give, and now give you a mortgage on my own property to secure the full and final payment of the debts due by the firms mentioned; but you must not resort instantly to my property, but only after a certain period, and after having done your best to exhaust other securities. "In defining the nature and extent of suretyship, our law express ly declares that, while it cannot be contracted under more onerous conditions than are imposed on the principal debtor, yet it may be under more favorable conditions. Si ille pure promisserit, fidejussor sub conditione promittere potest. Non solum autem in quantitate, sed etiam in tempore minus aut plus intelligitur. Plus est enim statim aliquid dare; minus est post tempus dare. There is nothing in the instrument which shows an intention on the part of either Hagan or the banks to disarm them of their power against the principal debtors. "Not only is there no delay given to these debtors, and no statement in the act of mortgage that such delay is its consideration, but the mortgagor and the mortgagees have themselves declared, in express and unequivocal terms, which exclude all implication and conjecture, the real and true consideration for which the mortgage was given. The act announces in language susceptible of no misconstruction, that the loans of the 22d May, 1835-'were made and granted as aforesaid on the express condition, and with the understanding, that, he, the said appearer, should still further secure the payment of the debts and liabilities due and owing by the said firms respectively to the said companies, as hereinbefore mentioned, by granting another special mortgage in favor of said companies on the same landed premises last above referred to and mentioned. Now, therefore, in consideration of the premises,' etc. -Hagan, to secure the debts, etc., mortgages, etc. "The mortgage, then, is given in fulfillment of the recited promise, and its consideration is the loans made on the 22d May, three days previous. What, then, was the consideration given by Hagan, for the loan made to him by the Exchange Bank? "1st. He promises to pay, at the end of one year, the principal sum loaned. "2d. He promises to pay seven per cent interest on said principal sum. "3d. He gives a mortgage on lands to secure the payment of principal and interest. "4th. He promises (and three days after fulfills that promise), to give the Exchange Bank a mortgage on the same lands, to further secure the payment of the debts of third persons to said bank, amounting to $81,000. "Is this last branch of the contract, to wit, the mortgage to secure the payment of those debts due by third persons, void? "The charter of the Exchange Bank contains the following provisions: "That the said company shall not take more than seven per centum per annum upon any of its loans or discounts; nor shall it take more than six per centum per annum upon any of its loans or discounts made on promissory notes, which shall be payable at four months, or less, after such loan or discount.' "According to all reasonable rules of interpretation, we consider an agreement to take, and a taking, as equally covered by the statute. The bank, then, is not only incapable of making an agreement to take more than seven per cent interest on a loan, but it is prohibited from so doing. The statute is a prohibitory statute. It rests on grave considerations of public policy, and whether that policy be unsound, as the counsel suggests in argument, or sound, we are not permitted to inquire. Being a prohibitory statute, if the agreement made by Hagan, to give the mortgage of the 25th May, and the subsequent execution of that agreement, be an evasion of and a fraud upon the statute, no court of justice can enforce it. "Is it, then, such a violation? The mere statement of the case carries its own answer with it. The bank stipulated for seven per cent. interest; in stipulating that the further mortgage should be given, it stipulated for something more than seven per cent interest, and when that stipulation was fulfilled, three days afterwards, it received more. It received a mortgage for the further security of $81,000, due to it by third persons. "A profit made, or loss imposed upon the necessities of the borrower, whatever form, shape, or disguise it may assume, where the treaty is for a loan, and the capital is to be returned at all events, has always been adjudged to be so much profit upon a loan; and to be a violation of those laws which limit the lender to a specified rate of interest.' Owen's Case, 2 Pet. 537, 7 L. ed. 511. "Here the bank, taking advantage of the necessities of Hagan, who was pressed with an enormous load of debts, and particularly by a debt to Le Breton, of $36,000, maturing in the latter part of May, 1839, the price of the land subsequently mortgaged to the bank, extorts from him, in addition to the highest rate of interest allowed by its charter, a mortgage for an enormous debt due by third persons. That the partners in these houses were, as suggested by the intervener, Hagan's relatives and friends, makes the case against the bank stronger rather than weaker, since, as we have seen, there was no stipulation for their benefit. It was taking advantage not only of Hagan's necessities, but of his affection and family pride. "There can be no legal remedy for that which is illegal, and as the Exchange Bank could not have enforced this mortgage, the intervener, supposing him to have purchased the rights intended to be conferred by the hypothecary contract of Hagan, can stand in no better position. 'No court of justice,' said the learned judge in Owen's Case, 'can be made the handmaid of inequity. Instituted to carry into effect the laws of a country, how can it become auxiliary to the consummation of violations of law?' "In principle, it is impossible to distinguish Owen's Case from the present. The Bank of the United |