3 Chrisman v. Anderson, 2 Cong. El. Cas. 328; Spaulding v. Mead, 1 Ibid. 157.

4 Brockenborough v. Cabell, 2 Cong. El. Cas. 79.

5 Richard's Case, 1 Cong. El. Cas. 95.

6 Richard's Case, Clark & H. 95; Clement's Case, Cont. El. Cas. 1864-5, 366.

7 Wallace v. Simpson, Cont. El. Cas. 1865-71, 552.

8 Sleeper v. Rice, Cont. El. Cas. 1864-5, 472.

9 Archer v. Allen, 2 Cong. El. Cas. 169; Brockenborough v. Cabell, Ibid. 84.

10 Morlon v. Daily, 2 Cong. El. Cas. 403.

11 Barney v. McCreery, 1 Cong. El. Cas. 167; Turney v. Marshall, 1 Cong. El. Cas. 167; Trumbull's Case, Ibid. 618.

12 Letcher v. Moore, 1 Cong. El. Cas. 715.

13 Bowman v. Coffroth, 59 Pa. St. 19.

§ 8. A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members in such manner, and under such penalties, as each House may provide.

U. S. I, 5 (1); Ala. IV, 10; Ark. V, 14; Conn. III,7; Del. II,6; Fla. IV, 8; Ga. III, 1, iii; Iowa, III,'8; Me. IV, Part III, 3; Mich. IV,8; Minn. IV, 3; Miss. IV, 12; Mo. IV, 18; Neb. II, 7; N. J. IV, § 4,2; Pa. II, 10; W. Va. VI, 24; Wis. IV, 6.

§ 9. Each House shall determine the rule of its proceeding,1 and may, with the concurrence of two-thirds of all the members elected, expel a member.2

1 U. S. I, 5 (2); Ala. IV, 11; Ark. IV, 14; Conn. III, 8; Del. II, 7; Fla. IV, 6; Ill. IV, 9; Ind. IV, 10; Kan. II, 8; Iowa, III,9; Ky. II, 21; La. 39; Md. III, 19; Mass. Part II, Ch. 1, § 2, 7, § 3, 10; Mich. IV, 10; Minn. IV, 4; Miss. IV, 14; Mo. IV 19; Neb. II, 10; Nev. III, 7; N. H. Part II, 22, 37; N. J. IV, 43; N. Y. III, 10; Ohio, II, 8; Or. IV, II; Pa. I, 13, II, 11; R. I. IV, 7; S. C. II, 15; Tenn. II, 12; Tex. III, 16; Va. V,7; W. Va. IV, 28; VI, 24; Wis. IV, 7.

2 Ala. IV. 11; Ark. V, 12; Ga. III, 4; Ill. IV, 9; Mich. IV, 9; Mo. IV, 17; Md. III, 19; Wis. IV, 7; Tex. III, 2.

See U. S. Const. I, 5 (2).

Rules of its proceedings.-An express power to make laws was not necessary to enable the legislature to make them. The express grant of power to punish for a contempt does not exclude the power to punish others than members of their own body,2 in secret as in open session. The implied power to punish for contempt shall not extend beyond its known and acknowledged limit of fine and imprisonment, but the imprisonment must terminate with the adjournment.4 The power to punish for disobedience and contempt is a necessary incident to the power to require and compel attendance.5 The warrant need not set forth the facts constituting the alleged contempt, the legislative body being the only judge of its own privileges and contempts. A member may be expelled for any misdemeanor which, though not punishable by statute, is inconsistent with the trust and dutv of a member.8

1 McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316.

2 Anderson v. Dunn, 6 Wheat. 204; Bolton v. Martin, 1 Dall. 296; Nugent's Case, 1 Amer. Law J. 139.

3 Nugent's Case, 1 Amer. Law J. 139

4 Anderson v. Dunn, 6 Wheat. 204.

5 Stewart v. Blaine, 1 McAr. 453; Anderson v. Dunn, 6 Wheat. 204; Wickelhausen v. Willett, 10 Abb. Pr. 164.

6 Ex parte Nugent, 1 Amer. Law J. N. S. 107.

7 Ex parte Nugent, 1 Amer. Law J. N. S. 107. 8 Smith's Case, 1 Hall Law J. 459.

§ 10. Each House shall keep a Journal of its proceedings, and publish the same,1 and the yeas and nays of the members of either House, on any question, shall, at the desire of any three members present, be entered on the Journal.2

1 Fla. IV, 10; Ga. IV, 4 iv; Ill. IV, 10; Ind. IV, 12; Ky. II, 22; W. Va. VI, 24; Colo. V,12; La. 136; Md. III, 22; Minn. IV,5; Nev. IV, 14; N. J. IV, 4, 9; Ohio, II, 9; Tex. III, 12; Va. V, 10; W. Va. IV, 39.

2 Fla. IV, 10; Nev. IV, 14; Tex. III, 12; See Ala. IV, 13.

See U. S. Const. I, 5 (3); Neb. III, 8; N. C. IV, 13; Pa. II, 12.

It

Journal. The office of the journal is to record the proceedings and authenticate and preserve the same. must appear on the face of the journal that a bill passed by a constitutional majority. But this refers only to the passage of bills. If a bill has been amended in the house the journal need only show that the amendment has been concurred in. A mere clerical mistake in the journal will not vitiate a statute. A journal is a public record, of which courts may take judicial notice. The journal cannot be kept secret unless the proceedings are secret. The holding of a secret session by either House is in its discretion.5

1 Hull v. Miller, 4 Neb. 507.

2 McCulloch v. State, 11 Ind. 424; Hall v. Miller, 4 Neb. 507.

3 Supervisors v. Heenan, 2 Minn. 330.

4 Brown v. Nash, 1 Wyo. 85.

5 Nugent's Case, 1 Am. L. J. N. S. 139.

§ 11. Members of the Legislature shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be priv. ileged from arrest, and shall not be subject to any civil process during the session of the Legislature, nor for fif. teen days next before the commencement and after the termination of each session.

Ala. IV, 14; Ark. V, 12; Mich. IV, 7; Mo. IV, 16; Miss. IV, 19; Neb. II, 16; Wis. IV, 15.

See Colo. V, 16.

Privilege from arrest. Arrest implies corporal restraint. The privilege from arrest could not be surrendered without endangering the public as well as the private independence of the member.2 It extends to judicial as well as mesne process, and a person arrested is entitled to his discharge on the privilege afterwards acquired, but there is no privilege from the service or obligation of a subpoena in a criminal case.4 It is limited to a convenient and reasonable time in addition to the actual session.5 Members are privileged not only from arrest, but also from a service of summons or other civil process while in attendance on their public duties. The privilege applies to speech or debate in either House," but does not cover its publication by a member.8

DESTY CAL. CON.-21.

1 Wooley v. Butler, I Bank. L. T. 35.

2 Bolton v. Martin, 1 Dall. 296; Coffin v. Coffin, 4 Mass. 1.

3 Cox v. McClenachan, 3 Dall. 478; Nones v. Edsall, 1 Wall. Jr. 189. 4 U. S. v. Cooper, 4 Dall. 341.

5 Hoppin v. Jenckes, 8 R. I. 453.

6 Coxe v. McClenachan, 3 Dall. 478; Geyer v. Irwin, 4 Dall. 107; Nones v. Edsall, 1 Wall. Jr. 191.

7 Anderson v. Dunn, 6 Wheat. 215.

8 Coffin v. Coffin, 4 Mass. 1.

§ 12. When vacancies occur in either House, the Governor, or the person exercising the functions of the Governor, shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.

Del. Sched. 9; Ga. IV, 2; Ill. IV, 2; Ind. V, 19; Iowa, III, 12; Nev. IV, 12; Tenn. II, 15.

Vacancies may be created by death, resignation, or removal, or by the acceptance of an incompatible office.1 A resignation sent to the governor of a State is sufficient.2 The executive may issue writs for a new election without waiting to be informed by the House that a vacancy exists.3

1 People v. Carrique, 2 Hill, 93; Powell v. Wilson, 16 Tex. 60; Biencourt v. Parker, 27 Tex. 562.

2 Edward's Case, Clark & H. 92; Mercer's Case, Ibid. 44; Bledsoe's Case, Ibid. 869.

3 Mercers's Case, Clark & H. 44.

§ 13. The doors of each House shall be open, except on such occasions as, in the opinion of the House, may require secrecy.

Ala. IV, 15; Iowa, III, 13; S. C. II, 27.

§ 14. Neither House shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any place other than that in which they may be sitting.1 Nor shall the members of either House draw pay for any recess or adjournment for a longer time than three days.

1 U. S. I, 5 (4); Ala. IV, 16; Ark. V, 28; Del. II, 10; Ga. III, 4, vii; Ind. IV, 10; Iowa, III, 14; Ky. II, 23; La. II, 38; Me. IV, Pt. 3, 12; Md. III. 25; Mich. IV, 12; Miss. IV, 13; Nev. IV. 15; N. J. IV, 4, 5; Pa. II, 14; S. C. II, 25; Tenn. II, 16; Tex. III, 17; Va. V, 6; W. Va. VI, 23.

See Colo. V, 15; Kan. II, 10; Mo. IV, 23; Neb. III, 8; N. Y. III, 11; Ohio, II, 14; Or. IV, 11; R. I. IV, 9.

An adjournment of the house for more than three days without the concurrence of the senate does not ipso facto work a dissolution of the general assembly.

West Phila. Pass. R. R. Co. v. Union Pass. R. Co. 4 Leg. Gaz. 193. 29 Leg. Int. 196.

§ 15. No law shall be passed except by bill.1 Nor shall any bill be put upon its final passage until the same, with the amendments thereto, shall have been printed 2 for the use of the members; nor shall any bill become a law unless the same be read on three several days in each House," unless, in case of urgency, two-thirds of the House where such bill may be pending shall, by a vote of yeas and nays, dispense with this provision. Any bill may originate in either House, but may be amended or rejected by the other; and on the final passage of all bills they shall be read at length, and the vote shall be by yeas and nays upon each bill separately, and shall be entered on the Journal; 5 and no bill shall become a law without the concurrence of a majority of the members elected to each House.6

1 Ala. IV, 19; Ark. III, 21; Colo. V. 17; Ind. IV, I; Mo. IV, 25; N. Y. III, 14; Or. IV, 1; Tex. III, 30; Wis. IV, 17.

2 Ill. IV, 13; Neb. III, 11.

3 Ala. IV, 21. See Ga. III, 3; Ky. II, 29; La. II, 42; Neb. III, 11; Tex. III, 32.

4 Ark. V. 21; Md. III, 27; Minh. IV, 20; Miss. IV, 23.

5 Vote to be by ayes and nays and entered on the journal-Ala. IV, 21; Ark. V, 21; Fla. İV, 15; Ill. ÏV, 12; IV, 31; Neb. III, 10; N. Y. III, 15.

See Kan. II, 15; Md. III, 27, 28; Nev. IV, 18; N. C. II, 23; Ohio, II, 16; Or. IV, 19; Pa. III, 1, 4, 5; S. C. II, 21; Tenn. II, 18; Tex. III, 32; Va. V, 10; W. Va. VI, 29.