1919.] Opinion, per CARDOZO, J. [225 N. Y.] bulk, becomes subject to the plenary power of the states when the bulk is broken and the tobacco sold at retail (Rast v. Van Deman & Lewis Co., 240 U. S. 342, 362; Armour & Co. v. North Dakota, 240 U. S. 510, 517). But the rule of the "original package" is not an ultimate principle. It is an illustration of a principle. It assumes transmission in packages, and then supplies a test of the unity of the transaction. If other forms of transmission are employed, there is need of other tests (Mutual Film Corp. v. Ohio Ind. Comm., 236 U. S. 230, 241; Hall v. Geiger-Jones Co., 242 U. S. 539, 558). The telegram forwarded by the stock exchange in New York to the telegraph company in Boston, with the intention that the company shall transmit it to selected brokers, approved in advance by the exchange, does not lose its character as a subject of interstate commerce until it reaches the brokers' offices (W. U. Tel. Co. v. Foster, 247 U. S. 105). The continuity of the transaction is not broken by the translation of the code message into English; by its transmission, thus translated, to subscribers; or even by the option, reserved by the telegraph company, to refuse delivery to any one (W. U. Tel. Co. v. Foster, supra). The law does not ask itself what the parties may do, but what, in the normal course of business, it is expected that they will do. "If the normal, contemplated and followed course is a transmission as continuous and rapid as science can make it from exchange to broker's office, it does not matter what are the stages, or how little they are secured by covenant or bond" (W. U. Tel. Co. v. Foster, supra, at p. 113). The essential unity of the transaction remains the final test (Swift & Co. v. U. S., 193 U. S. 375, 399; Rearick v. Pennsylvania, 203 U. S. 507, 512). Subjected to that test, the transactions of the petitioner's business have the unity and directness of interstate commerce. There is no break in the continuity of the transmission from pumping station in [225 N. Y.] Opinion, per CARDOZO, J. [Jan., Pennsylvania to home and office and factory in Jamestown. A different question would arise if gas transmitted from Pennsylvania should be stored in reservoirs in New York, and then distributed to consumers as their needs might afterwards develop. The quantity stored or the period of storage might require us to hold that interstate commerce was at an end when the place of storage had been reached (Kehrer v. Stewart, 197 U. S. 60, 65; Brown v. Houston, 114 U. S. 622). The transactions would then be similar to those common in the oil business. We do not now determine the rule that should govern them. It is enough to hold that where there is in substance no storage, but merely transmission for immediate or practically immediate use, direct from seller to consumer, interstate commerce does not end till the gas has reached its goal. That, by the fair intendment of the petition, is the business conducted by this petitioner. It is not important that consumers do not signify in advance the precise amount that they will need. If their wants are approximately known, and the gas is transmitted not to be held, but to be used, so that any storage that results is merely casual and incidental, the transaction is to be treated as single and continuous. We must then say, in the language of HOLMES, J., in W. U. Tel. Co. v. Foster (supra), that the transmission is "as continuous and rapid as science can make it." (2) The question remains whether, in default of action. by Congress, the attempted regulation is within the police power of the state. The petitioner is a public service corporation. Its rates are subject to regulation by some agency of government. Congress has never occupied the field of regulation, as it has done with railroads, the telegraph and telephone lines, and even the oil companies (Act to Regulate Commerce, as amended June 29, 1906, ch. 3591, and June 18, 1910, ch. 309). Gas and water companies are expressly 1919.] Opinion, per CARDOZO, J. [225 N. Y.] excepted. In such circumstances, there is no implied exclusion of the police power of the states. The exercise of that power is, indeed, subject to conditions. It must not impose upon interstate commerce burdens new and direct rather than remote and incidental (Leisy v. Hardin, supra; Minnesota Rate Cases, 230 U. S. 352, 396, 400). It must not discriminate against foreign products (Brimmer v. Rebman, 138 U. S. 78; Minn. Rate Cases, supra, at p. 401). It must not introduce diversity and conflict where there is need of uniformity and harmony (Cooley v. Board of Wardens, 12 How. [U. S.] 299, 319; Wabash, St. L. & P. R. Co. v. Ill., 118 U. S. 557; Covington & C. Bridge Co. v. Kentucky, 154 U. S. 204; Minn. Rate Cases, supra, at p. 400). But subject to those conditions, the police power of the states survives, though the transactions brought within its grip are those of interstate commerce. Matters peculiarly of local concern are not "left to the unrestrained will of individuals because Congress has not acted” (Minn. Rate Cases, supra, at p. 402). “Our system of government is a practical adjustment by which the national authority as conferred by the Constitution is maintained in its full scope without unnecessary loss of local efficiency" (Minn. Rate Cases, supra). No general formula can tell us in advance where the line is to be drawn. "We have no second Laplace, and we never shall have, with his Méchanique Politique, able to define and describe the orbit of each sphere in our political system with such exact mathematical precision" (Daniel Webster in Bank of Augusta v. Earle, 13 Pet. 519, 559, quoted by Henderson, "The Position of Foreign Corporations in American Constitutional Law," p. 117). We think the line must be drawn here so as to bring the attempted regulation within the power of the state. It is important to keep before us just what the state has [225 N. Y.] Opinion, per CARDOZO, J. [Jan., tried to do. The rule is stated in section 65 of the Public Service Commissions Law: " Every gas corporation, every electrical corporation and every municipality shall furnish and provide such service, instrumentalities and facilities as shall be safe and adequate and in all respects just and reasonable. All charges made or demanded by any such gas corporation, electrical corporation or municipality for gas, electricity or any service rendered or to be rendered, shall be just and reasonable and not more than allowed by law or by order of the commission having jurisdiction. Every unjust or unreasonable charge made or demanded for gas, electricity or any such service, or in connection therewith, or in excess of that allowed by law or by the order of the commission is prohibited." This gas company occupies the streets of Jamestown with its mains. Even without any statute, it would be under a duty to furnish gas to the public at fair and reasonable rates. The statute might be repealed, and still the courts would have the power, if exorbitant charges were made, to give relief to the consumer (1 Wyman, Public Service Corporations, secs. 111, 113; Gibbs v. Baltimore Gas Co., 130 U. S. 396, 408; Armour Packing Co. v. Edison El. Ill. Co., 115 App. Div. 51; Shepard v. Milwaukee Gas Co., 6 Wis. 539). The state in the adoption of this law has not imposed a new burden. It has not created a new duty. It has given a new "sanction" to "an inherent duty" (W. U. Tel. Co. v. Commercial Milling Co., 218 U. S. 406, 416). It has established a new administrative agency the better to ascertain and declare and enforce a duty already existing. We cannot doubt that the creation of such an agency is within the power of the state until Congress shall manifest the purpose to override its action (W. U. Tel. Co. v. Comcl. Milling Co., supra; Mo., K. & T. Ry. Co. v. Harris, 234 U. S. 412; Southern Ry. Co. v. Reid, 222 U. S. 424, 437; 1919.] Opinion, per CARDOZO, J. [225 N. Y.]. Missouri Pac. Ry. Co. v. Larrabee Flour Mills Co., 211 U.S. 612, 623; Texas & P. Ry. Co. v. Abilene Cotton Oil Co., 204 U. S. 426; Lake Shore & M. S. Ry. Co. v. Ohio, 173 U. S. 285; N. Y. & N. H. R. R. Co. v. N. Y., 165 U. S. 628; Chicago, R. I. & P. Ry. Co. v. Arkansas, 219 U. S. 453; Int. & Gt. No. Ry. Co. v. Anderson County, 246 U. S. 424). Nothing to the contrary was held in W. U. Tel. Co. v. Foster (supra). There is a twofold distinction. The regulation there condemned was one that affected telegraph companies in a field already occupied by the statutes of the nation (Act to Regulate Commerce, as amended June 18, 1910), and it imposed a new duty instead of enforcing an old one (247 U. S. at p.-114). In thus holding, we do not forget that the state, in the exercise of its police power, must not introduce diversity and conflict in spheres where there is need of uniformity and harmony. That is the reason why, irrespective of any occupation of the field by Congress, it may not fix the rates of interstate transportation. It may not do this, even though it confines its action to that part of the interstate journey within its own limits. The law in that respect has been undoubted since the decision in Wabash, St. L. & P. R. Co. v. Ill. (118 U. S. 557). A statute of Illinois prescribed that there should be no greater charge for a short haul than for a long one. In condemning the statute, the court emphasized the need of uniform regulation. If each state prescribed different rates for different portions of the trip, the result would be chaos. Again in the Covington Bridge case (Covington & Cinn. Bridge Co. v. Kentucky, 154 U. S. 204), the decision had a like basis. A bridge lay between two states. One state attempted to fix a charge. The court said that if one state could fix one charge, the other could fix another; and again the result would be chaos. On the other hand, the question was left open whether the two states, in default of action by Congress, might establish a joint |