the pockets of "learned gentlemen." But is there no remedy? One, as simple as it is obvious is, to require that every charitable bequest shall, on pain of nullity, be entered in a common register. Mr. Brougham's conduct when Mr. Hume brought forward his motion for the repeal of the Six Acts-has that been forgotten? Their repeal, he said, was his own, his cherished, his monopolising purpose. He could not tolerate another man's meddling with it. He ridiculed, he rebuked the intruder. And what has he done? But in nothing has Mr. Brougham's conduct been more pernicious to the common weal than in his declared enmity to Ballot. A law, ordering election by open voting, what is it but a law. ordering insincerity on the part of the comparatively poor and helpless, for the benefit of the rich and powerful; insincerity, on pain of forfeiture to an amount, varying from that of the least denomination of coin, to that of the whole of a man's property, in possession and expectation. What has it for its object, but the forcing such elector to contribute to the seating of that one of several candidates, who, in his opinion, is unworthy, or, at any rate, least worthy of the trust? and for its result, but the production of a bad choice, in the instance of all those who do not expose themselves to the above-mentioned afflictive consequence, thus, at any rate, filling their breasts with anxiety, whether those consequences do or do not take place. As to the moral honesty of an opposer of the ballot, would you take measure of it? take then, and bear in mind, the accounts following: 1. Account of the number of the electors who, by the system of terrorism in question, have actually been brought to give their votes to a candidate whose line of conduct has been absolutely, or comparatively pernicious. 2. Account of the number of the unfit members thus actually seated. 3. Account of the pecuniary losses, or other afflictions, actually sustained by the total number of the electors who have thus been induced to give their votes, in a manner thus repugnant to their consciences. 4. Account of the number of those who, without having actually undergone these same afflictions, have been kept in a state of anxiety by the apprehension of them; including the account of the total length of time, for and during which these same afflictions have continued. Add up these sums, and see the amount of evil which Henry Brougham has done which depends upon him to perpetuate. A man of his discernment-is there any one of them that can have been a secret to him? to him, any more than to the duke of Newcastle? How would Brougham have felt-what would he have thought-how would he have talked-how would he have ranted-how would he have stormed-had Brougham Hall been leasehold, and he turned out of it for not voting for lord Lonsdale ! Read what the duke of Newcastle has done in one parish; this is what Brougham of Brougham Hall employs his vast powers in continuing and causing to be done, as often as occasion calls, throughout the whole kingdom. This is what the party, of which he is the leader, are ready to fight for to the last gasp. This is the essence of Whig government! Worthy! Oh, how worthy! to smell at the same nosegay-Yorkshire's new member, and Newcastle's ancient duke! Oh-but a man should stand up like a man and vote according to his conscience-say those by whom forfeiture of all that he has is employed as a means of forcing a man to vote against his conscience. Look at their invitation, Magnanimous Sir! Patriotic Sir! Good Sir,-stand up and ruin yourself! Have you a wife and children? Better and better still. Add to your own ruin that of your wife and children. Oh, how generous! how kind! how sincere the invitation! France, happy France! To what but the Ballot is it indebted for its salvation? France! virtuous France! Not altogether is this man unknown to thee. Among the declared objects of his ambition, is that of being better and better known to thee. This sprig of his ambition, what is now become of it? Henceforth thou wilt give him the appropriate place in thy esteem. 2 H VOL. XIII.-Westminster Review. the Pania, the sweet Madonna (and he kissed her image as he spoke), and in company with some thoughtless countrymen spent the time in which he might have made his escape in talking of the valour of Leonidas, Scanderbeg, Achilles, and other contemporary heroes, and drowning all future care in soul-inspiriting Cyprus. As the eyes of the merry rayahs borrowed sparkles from the glass, one might have imagined that the seven champions of Christendom were assembled in a convivial Areopagus, rehearsing their astonishing achievements. But Michelaki vaunted exploits which bore down all competition he had overreached Grand Viziers who were Locmans for wisdom; he had led Pachas of three tails by the nose, who had ability to cheat Jews; he had slain fourteen Turks with his own hand in the last revolution in Roumelia; and he had seen the sweating pillar in the Mosque of San Sophia, and had even collected a small vial of the miraculous exudation, which had the power of curing every mortal malady.'-Vol. i. p. 7. 66 After singing Hellenic songs in praise of freedom all night, Michelaki and his companions were hurried off before the Aga, where their prostrations served them in little stead. The Aga informed the terrified Greeks that "the Sultan (may his glory never diminish) permitted even rayahs, in the abundance of his mercy, to fight by the side of the true-believing," and they were suffered to range under the shadow of the sacred San Sak (the prophet's inexpressibles). But," said the Aga, "if any of the poor Infidels have domestic affairs, which stand in the way of their honourable employment in the fleet, God forbid they should be compelled to go. Min Allah! not for five hundred piastres would I send away the poorest rayah of them all." The hint was understood, but only one poor Greek could avail himself of it. He left his wife in pawn at the Aga's Khan for 300 piastres he had agreed to pay for his liberation, and went home for the money. In Turkey, the bowels of the earth are the banking-houses of the people, consequently panics are less frequent than in the countries of Franguestan, for nothing short of an earthquake can shake the old firm, the original fountain of capital. At any period perhaps it would be difficult to find one half the bullion of the empire, above the surface of the soil. Deep beneath, the treasures are deposited, which no coffer on the earth would be strong enough to preserve from the rapacity of the rulers of the land. The little Greek no sooner reached his dwelling, than he commenced digging up his garden in twenty places, in order, had he been watched, to throw his observers on a wrong scent; and finally, with a heavy heart, he visited the real sepulchre of his soul, ravaged the interior of an old saucepan, and disinterred a handful of sequins. Having counted out three hundred piastres, he secreted the remainder in the lining of his unmentionables, and proceeded to the Divan. There he paid down the hard cash in the presence of the Aga; but no sooner was the stipulated sum paid than the Aga gave way to ungovernable wrath, “Allah Akbar Mahomet rassar Allah!" he exclaimed, “there is but one God, and Mahomet is his prophet; three hundred piastres indeed! giaour kafir, pessavink, scoundrel of an unbelieving dog, will three hundred piastres pay my poor soldiers for fatiguing themselves to death to find a substitute for you? Whose dog are you, who dares to laugh at my beard?"—" Noble Effendi," exclaimed the Greek," and very best of governors, I am your dog, I am your servant, the most abject of your slaves; take pity on my poverty, my family are without bread, we are utterly destitute. God sees my misery; indeed I have not another piastre in the wide world."-" Count down two hundred more," cried the Aga, "and fifty besides, for the lies you have uttered; do it instantly, or undergo the punishment your cursed obstinacy deserves." The poor wretch protested, according to custom, that if a para could save his father's soul from the devil he had it not; that if it pleased his lord, the best of governors, to order his servant's body to be flogged into a jelly, the servant of his excellency could not help it, he could not command a single asper to save his flesh; and as he was a religious Greek he called every saint in the calender to witness his utter destitution. 'The Aga looked at one of his soldiers: a stranger could have observed no visible gesture, no external sign, no waving of the hand, no motion of the lips, but in the twinkling of an eye, the Greek was capsized, his legs fastened in a noose, attached to a long stick held by two brawny Arnaouts, and a couple of ferashes, stationed at either side, with well-seasoned sticks, which instantly fell on the bare soles of the unfortunate rayah. The stripes were inflicted with terrible velocity, and each resounded as it fell, and notwithstanding the screams of the sufferer, were even audible to his wretched wife, who was stationed at the door. "Iman Effendi! Iman Effendi !" followed every blow, "take pity on me, Sir! take pity on me!" but the cry was disregarded, the blood streamed from the ancles, but the sight made no pause in the torture. The Aga continued to smoke his water-pipe with the imperturbable indifference becoming his high place; it was only when two hundred and fifty blows had been laid on, that he waved his hand, and the exhausted executioners had leisure to wipe the perspiration from their brows. "Now, giaour" said the Aga are you disposed to pay the remainder of your just and lawful debt."--" Best of governors!" cried the culprit, raising his head from the ground, "I am a dead man, but money I have none-Heaven knows the truth, would I have my feet mangled as they are if I had wherewithal to purchase mercy?" -"Since you are so very poor, life is of no value, then down with the dog," he continued addressing the executioners. Vras, vras! kill, kill! let him have a thousand lashes!" The consternation of the Greek, was great but his love of money was still greater. The number of stripes now ordered to be inflicted, generally proves fatal, in fact, nine out of ten of those who receive above eight hundred die. Agafia the 66 bastinado was resumed, upwards of a hundred blows more were inflicted, the shrieks of the poor wretch became gradually indistinct ; at length they ceased altogether, and he no longer writhed under the blows; there was no effusion of blood, except where the noose which secured the legs, lacerated the skin; but the feet presented the appearance of tumid masses of livid flesh, streaked here and there with blue and crimson. 66 Enough!" said the governor, "let us hear if he still persists in refusing to pay his debts; raise the infidel, and let him answer." One of the Albanians accordingly endeavoured to rouse him with a blow over the stomach, which would have been fatal in any other country, but people in Turkey take more killing than even an Hibernian could imagine. The Aga prevented a repetition of the blows; the soldiers grumbled as they laid down their bludgeons. Whoever has witnessed the punishment of the bastinado must have observed that the operation is generally commenced with coolness; but as the fatigue of the officers of justice augments, the fury of their passion is let loose on the victim, whose crime they are most probably unacquainted with, and when the last blow is given, it is sure to be the heaviest, and to be accompanied with a malediction on the father and mother of the wretch they have beaten. Now whether Jack Ketch feels any personal animosity against his clients we know not; but we never saw a school-boy flogged where passion did not add to the gravamen of the pedagogue's last stripe. The Greek either was or appeared to be insensible. The Aga concluded he had no more money, he therefore ordered him to be thrown out of doors, a ceremony which was performed in the most unceremonious, way imaginable. He lay motionless as a corpse till the soldiers of the best of governors were out of sight. He then contrived to get upon his legs and hobbled home much faster than could have been expected, exulting in the greatest triumph a Greek can achieve, the heroical endurance of the bastinado in order to preserve his purse.' Vol. i. p. 17. This picture is in a novel, but it is not more highly-coloured than others in the Travels. M. Fontanier himself was on the point of being submitted to the tender mercies of the ferashes, in consequence of a dispute with his camel-driver, who happened to be a Mussulman: the cadi, however, was civil, and only fined him when he began to talk of firmans and Stamboul: a cadi must, however, have his prey - he therefore pocketed the damages and flogged the plaintiff. And yet, with all this ready and arbitrary distribution of the bastinado, the French traveller prefers the practice of the stick to that of the knout. He approached Turkey by way of Russia, and appears thoroughly disgusted with the official oppression and open corruption of the authorities of the distant provinces of the Russian Tzar. It must be bad indeed to be worse than Turkey, where Justice instead of being represented blind, and bearing scales, should |