numerous crowd of the true believers, of both sexes, were assembled to enjoy the spectacle of two unbelievers being put to death.

The guilt, moreover, of the culprits was of that appalling nature that put all sympathy aside, and rendered the exultation of the fair spectators especially, more loud than usual.

The crime of the rayahs was blasphemy; they had been heard, in a fit of drunkenness, talking irreverently of the Sacred Sanjak; reviling both the prophet, and the remnant of the unmentionables, which forms the banner of the faithful.

The two culprits had in vain protested their innocence before the Cadi; a single voice, and that of a disreputable man, but a Moslem, prevailed against their lives. Yussuf took his station, the culprits were not yet on the spot, but they were seen at no great distance, two of the executioner's servants to each, running the pale wretch at a quick pace, and then dragging him by the girdle, as he shrunk at his approach to the place of terror. Each had his head uncovered, and his neck bared; and as Yussuf, regardless of the injunctions of his father-in-law brandished his naked scymitar before the eyes of the appalled victims, each palpitating wretch stammered out the futile word, Imaur's, Imaur's!" It is said, the drowning grasp at straws, it may be so, we have heard dying wretches ask "mercy" of a moslem.

'There was a deep glow on the cheek of the young executioner; as he bared his right arm, his heart beat high, he had already entwined his fingers in the tufted hair of one of his victims, his soul was almost satisfied, when suddenly the trembling wretch cried out in a loud voice, "Allah illah! Allah, akbar Mahomet rasur allah! There is no God but one God, and Mahomet is his prophet!" The other infidel repeated the same words.

'The sword of Yussuf was uplifted when he heard these dreadful words; the fury of a demon raged in his regard, at the probability of being robbed of his vitim. "Down on your knees dog of an unbeliever," he exclaimed, " down cursed infidel, when I tell you;" and with these words, pushing the resisting criminal on his knees, he was in the act of striking the fatal blow, when there was a general buzz amongst the rabble, a loud cry of "stop, stop!" "They have made the profession of faith, they have become true believers, away with them to the governor, to know his pleasure!"

Yussuf was hustled about in the most unceremonious way possible; the rabble rushed in on all sides, tore the rayah, already half dead with terror, from the gripe of the enraged headsman, and dragged both him and his companion before the governor; where after a conference with the Cadi, the recantation of both culprits was received, and both were pardoned.'

M. Fontanier does not altogether deny the claim of the Turks to a certain reputation for good faith and honorable dealing which they have acquired, but he is at a loss where to seek it: no traces of it are to be met with in "the Mussulman." It is possible they may exist in private transactions, but in all cases VOL. XIII.-Westminster Review.

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between individuals and the agents of government these good qualities are utterly wanting.

Is the case one for instance, where a Pacha wishes to punish a criminal; they begin first by alarming or menacing him: they deliberate, in his hearing, as to whether his head shall be cut off, whether he shall be thrust into a cannon, mutilated, or put to the torture. Then some friend of the Pacha consents to intercede in return for a sum of money, to be divided in the following manner-so much for the Pacha, so much for his officers, so much for the intercessor. If the proposal pleases pardon is pronounced; the accused is presented with a robe of honour, he walks up and down in triumph, and receives the congratulations of his friends; but if a mistake has been made in the estimate of his fortune, if he cannot fulfil his engagement, or if they cannot extort from him as much as was expected, then no kind of proportion is preserved between the crime and the punishment. I have seen some unhappy persons, from whom lumps of flesh have been torn by pieces; others from whom the nose, the eyes, the ears had been torn by pincers, under the absurdest charges, and that because they had not been able to extort money. At Bolo a Greek was treated in this way, for having returned a blow to a Turk who had struck him.'-Fontanier, p. 320.

In Egypt there is a tolerably good police, and the laws of the despot who reigns there, are administered with some semblance of justice. In Syria, where the wandering tribes reach, security is bought without the forms of justice, but with as little violence as in the Courts of the Grand Seignior. Some of the hereditary Pachaliks were celebrated for the impartiality of the administration of justice; but it has been a point with the Sultan to extinguish these governments, and with them it is that justice has disappeared. Mr. Fuller records an apposite answer on the part of a man who had been robbed of his horse in the hereditary pachalik of Karasman Oglon, in Ionia.

'Overcome with fatigue one day, the complainant, a travelling merchant, threw himself down to sleep in a grove of trees near Magnesia. He had no one to watch him, and on awaking found that his horse had been stolen. He immediately repaired to the Governor, complained of the theft, and put in his claim to compensation. "But how," said Karasman Oglon, "could you be so imprudent as to sleep without having some one to watch your property?"-"I slept Aga!" said the traveller, "because I thought you did not sleep." "

Similar confidence in the Pacha of Egypt caused Mr. Fuller to lose all his packages, containing medals, ammunition, firearms, gold watch, instruments, money and papers, as they were one night all hooked out from under his tent near Belteis, while the party were asleep restoration was subsequently made by the government to the amount of £250. Mr. Jowett, the missionary, was of the party, with a large packet of bibles, and

it is singular that though every thing else was stolen, the thieves had left the bibles utterly untouched.

The occurrence of Mr. Jowetts's name reminds us of some amusing scenes, too long to quote, in which the vain efforts of an ignorant missionary to convert some Turks are very ludicrously described. Mr. Madden has touched upon all points of interest: he has not even left out the English Turks, which we apprehend forms not the least absurd portion of the moving population. Shoals of English now sail up the Nile, and it is almost as common to meet travelling companies as high as the first cataracts, as to find pleasure parties on the Thames at Twickenham. And of the curious description of our countrymen that penetrate into these regions, in order to give the benighted East an idea of our national character, very amusing portraits are given by Mr. Fuller.

We have already transgressed the limits we had assigned to a rapid survey of these late works on Turkey, or we should have pleasure in confirming our character of Mr. Fuller's sensible and agreeable performance, by copious specimens. As it is, however, we recommend strongly the perusal of his work, conjointly with the others, to all those who take an interest in the dominions and population of our ancient ally.

ART. XIV. Evénemens de Paris des 27, 28, et 29 Juillet, 1830. Par plusieurs temoins oculaires. 1 Vol. 12mo. Paris. 1830.

IN the rapidity of the events which brought about the glorious Revolution of Paris and of France, their details have been most imperfectly recorded it will be a service to futurity if they are gathered together, and arranged. The following particulars, collected after much inquiry amidst the scenes of those heart-stirring events, is a veracious outline, which will be filled up by the Chronicler of more minute circumstances; not one of which is without its charm, its interest, its instruction.

The Revolution of 1830 was, in fact, but the accomplishment of that of 1789. It was the result of a struggle spread over the vicissitudes of forty years. From her first effort to win her freedom, the attention of France was called away by foreign hostilities in 1792; then came the despotism of anarchy, then successive warlike triumphs, and then, as their natural conséquence, the monomania of military glory. The dazzling tyranny of Napoleon had its fascination even for the

many; and in the grandeur of his name, its mischievous influence was too much forgotten.

The Restoration of the Bourbons was effected by foreign intervention. Their weakness, their narrowness, their nullity, presented a miserable miserable contrast to the imposing power and splendour of the illegitimate sovereign. Passing over the shuffling policy of Louis XVIII-what did the reign of Charles X. present? A court crowded by priests and nobles, offensive to opinion alike in what they did and what they left undone. A king, whose existence was but a vibration between the forest where he hunted and the altar where he knelt. Swarms of anti-national serviles, the relics of by-gone days, who made the budget their prey, all ranged under a banner, which represented the humiliation of France; and all leagued against the common interests of the people.

The Charter, notwithstanding the original vice of its origin, offered some protection to the democratic principle; but it was either covertly undermined, or openly outraged, as the court found courage and opportunity to bring its hostility into action. The middle classes bore the grievance with submission-almost with silence the shadow of a representative government remained; they had the power of complaining, if not the means of redress. The "divinity which hedges a king," preserved the dynasty from attack; and scarcely a newspaper was to be found that ventured to speak of the monarch with disrespect.

But the folly, the blindness, the precipitation of the enemies of liberty did more for its progress than the wisdom, or foresight, or discretion of its friends. The ascendancy of the priestly faction made them presumptuous, and gradually the moderate royalists deserted the ranks of their fool-hardy former associates. Among them were some, especially the opulent, who had the sagacity to see that the aristocracy of wealth was likely to triumph over the aristocracy of rank, in a country where the elective franchise was wholly in the hands of the rich; and where no other caste had any firm hold, either on opinion or by position. These became sincerely attached to the Charter. The partiprêtre, the court of the king, thus stood alone and detached from the people, in obvious helplessness and nakedness. No sagacious eye could fail to observe, that events were ripening into their full developement; and, as Shakspeare has wisely said, Ripeness is all.”

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The nomination of Polignac snapped the last link of connection between the king and the people, and the renowned minister seems assiduously to have gathered round him every thing that was most disgusting, most odious to the nation. Polignac

himself, as obstinate as feeble, a priest-ridden aristocratical noble La Bourdonnaye, bold and bloody-minded-Bourmont-the âme damnée of the French army, the incarnation of treachery-made, with a few helpless and servile creatures, the ministry which was to control the discontents of thirty millions of Frenchmen.

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La Bourdonnaye refused to play the second part in the counter-revolutionary project: he abandoned the glory to Polignac. The ministry lost much intellectual strength, but won no public confidence by his desertion. Thus weakened, it ventured to face the Chamber. It appealed to its inaction as evidence of its honesty; and newspapers were found in England to load those with abuse who looked with distrust on who had done nothing." The deceitful pretence was estimated in France at its true value. The Chamber bore, respectfully but frankly, the language of dissatisfaction to the king. Their conduct met with the almost universal sanction of their constituents; but the king, dreaming of " right divine," declared that he was outraged," he prorogued the Chamber; it was but to defer the final reckoning. He should have remembered that the intervention of the people must come at last. He determined to try the effects of corruption; he forgot to how much of its influences the simple and beautiful machinery of the ballot opposed an efficient barrier. Another appeal to the nation was but the arousing a mightier energy than existed before. Between the Ministry and the Chamber the nation pronounced its omnipotent award.

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Meanwhile, the ministry strengthened itself by the accession of Peyronnet. He too had the recommendation of the public hatred, to the favour of the king: but he was known to have the disposition to advise acts of violence, and the courage to give them execution. He reassured the Cabinet-attacked the irresolution, fortified the weakness, of Polignac, and marched resolutely to his object: he prepared the way by his circulars for the destruction of the public liberties; and on the 25th of July, those renowned ordonnances were signed, which have been washed away by the blood of so many heroes.

Of all the enemies of despotism, the press is most alarming to despots; its operation is so quiet, so concealed. A crowd of rioters may be dispersed, but a conviction produced by the reasonings of a public writer, cannot be subdued by force; there is no logic in a bayonet, for the detection of a fallacy. And the press of France had very tolerably done its duty; it had thrown day-light upon the projects of the government, and induced the masses of the people