were discolored; and similar springs at Töplitz, in Bohemia, became turpid, then ceased, and subsequently discharged an increased volume of water.

The lakes of Geneva and Brienz, in Switzerland, three times rose in waves towards their shores, and receded.

The strong recession and sudden flux of the sea was particularly observed at Creston Ferry, Devon; Mount's Bay, Cornwall; Swansea, Wales; Kinsale, Ireland; and at Barbadoes and Antigua.

BASIN.

THE WATER-MASS AND ITS BRANCHES (continued).

SOUTH-EASTERN
BASIN,

or

INDIAN OCEAN.

THE CHIEF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PECULIARITIES OF THE OCEAN

Are COLOUR, generally of a deep bluish green (purple in the eastern part of the Mediterranean; white in the Gulf of Guinea; black around the Maldives; yellowish between China and Japan; green west of the Azores and Canaries; reddish in the Red Sea and at the mouth of the La Plata; and, off California, the Vermilion Sea is so designated from the colour it often assumes); SALTNESS; TEMPERATURE (1. The temperature of the ocean is generally lower at mid-day than that of the atmosphere in the shade; 2. it is constantly higher at midnight; 3. in the morning and the evening the temperature of both is usually the same; 4. the mean temperature of the surface of the ocean far from land is greater than that of the atmosphere with which it is in contact; and 5. the water over a sand-bank is colder than where it is deeper); DEPTH; LEVEL; WAVES* (which are either sea-waves or tide-waves); TIDES (spring and neap tides); and CURRENTS, which are divided into

Constant currents

Produced by the combined influence of winds, differences of temperature in the waters of the ocean, the rotation of the earth, and variations of atmospheric pressure.

* Among the most recent attempts at the actual measurement of waves are those of Captain Stanley, on board H.M.S. Rattlesnake, in April, 1847, a few of whose results are as follows:

I. INCLINED TO THE ARCTIC OCEAN.

Basins.

II. INCLINED TO THE ATLANTIC AND NORTH SEA.

Are due to the action of tides, land and sea-breezes, and monsoons.

Occasioned by tides, winds, and the melting of ice in
the polar regions.

Is the name applied to a stream that flows alongside,
and in opposite directions to, other currents.
Are the effect of permanent and prevailing winds upon
the surface of the sea, impelling the water to leeward,
until, meeting with land or sand-banks, its progress
is stopped, and an accumulation of water takes place;
this gives rise to what is called a stream current,
which carries off the collected waters to restore the
equilibrium of the surface of the ocean.

SALINE INGREDIENTS OF THE OCEAN,

Taking a very low estimate of its mean depth (about 1000 feet):

LENGTH, ETC., OF THE RIVER-BASINS OF THE WORLD.

The capitals of independent states are to be recognised by small capitals.

LENGTH, ETC., OF THE RIVER-BASINS OF EUROPE (continued).

Capitals of States and Provinces in each Basin.

Area of

Basin in

Geogra

Miles.

phical Square Miles.

Lake Mäelar

170

130

STOCKHOLM.

Dal

250

200

:: ::

Hernösand.

Angerman.

150

120

Umea
Neva

250

220

Gulf

of

PETERSBURG, Novgorod, Petrozavodsk.

Amiens.

22,620 Rouen, PARIS, Troyes.
Rennes.

Somme

115

24,450

11,800

V. INCLINED TO THE MEDITERRANEAN.

LENGTH, ETC., OF THE RIVER-BASINS OF EUROPE (continued).

I. INCLINED TO BLACK SEA
AND MEDITERRANEAN.

Basins.

VII. INCLINED TO
THE CASPIAN.

VI. INCLINED TO THE BLACK SEA.