In this paper we have referred more particularly to certain rivers and lakes frequented largely by salmon, but they insula, distinct from one another. The | for many years. In addition to the Russian Lapps differ greatly both in above, shark-fishing is an important character and features from their breth- industry, and large quantities of coalren on the Norwegian side of the fron- fish are also captured along the Murtier being quick, intelligent, and man coast. observant, qualities of which the latter can hardly boast. Intermixing with Russians themselves may have conduced to this, but Lapps of pure de- form only an insignificant proportion of scent are similarly distinguished. Their poverty in reindeer as compared to the Norwegians, and the consequent additional struggle for existence in an Arctic climate, has made them more quick-witted and active, and has turned them into a race of hunters and fisher men. Marvellously prolific in fish-life are these northern waters, whether salt or fresh. As far eastwards as Svatoinos (the Holy Cape), the shores of Norsk Finmarken and of the so-called "Murman" (a corruption of Norman) coast of Russian Lapland are swept by the Gulf Stream, and as a consequence they are resorted to by vast shoals of cod, which are captured in immense numbers. At the above-named headland the Gulf Stream curves away in a north-easterly direction towards Nova Zembla, and on the coast to the east and beyond its benign influence these valuable fish are but little found. We doubt if elsewhere in the world there is such a coast for herrings; from the Kola Fjord to Archangel, some seven hundred miles; from Kandalaks to Petchora, a still greater distance; and eastwards to the mouths of the Yenisei and the Obi rivers they are taken in vast quantities. "When the herring pour in from the Arctic to the White Sea," says one writer, "usually in the month of July, they are often packed so close that they form huge, compact masses. Followed by other fish, they push on into the inlets, bays, and mouths of rivers, and are thrown up on the land in such quantities that they cover the shores for long distances." Whales, too, are numerous in these seas; and at Vadsö, on the Varanger Fjord, a regular fishery by means of small steamers armed with harpoonguns has been successfully carried on the inland waters to which these fish resort. Of the many streams which enter the Arctic Ocean to the east of the Kola Fjord, and which, in common with those that flow towards the east and south into the White Sea, rise in the peninsula's central plateau, some sixty miles long by ten wide, may be named the Tiriberka, Voronje, and Yokonga; at Karabelni Nös the Ponoi, a great Arctic river, enters the sea more than a mile in width; while flowing from north to south the Tschjavanga, Varsuga, and Umba discharge on the northern shores of the White Sea. These and many others are visited by vast quantities of salmon; and as owing to the conformation of the country there are no natural obstacles on these rivers, the fish are enabled to ascend for considerable distances. On the Karelian coast, too, which extends in a south-easterly direction from Kandalaks, many other important streams, frequented by salmon in large numbers, flow into the White Sea, but of these it will be sufficient to name the Kovda, the largest river in Karelia. Having its head-water in the great lake Tuoppa-järvi, over sixty miles in length, the Kovda flows through a whole system of other lakes — the most important of which are Paa-järvi and Kauto-järvi - before entering the beautiful Bay of Kandalaks. Two hundred and fifty yards wide at the mouth, deep and rapid, it discharges a volume of water equal to that of the Glommen, the largest river in Norway, and is celebrated even in these parts for the quantities of salmon which it produces, and its lakes for the abundance of other fish which they contain. The salmon, however, do not ascend the Kovda much before the middle of August. On the Tulom and the Kola, At one moment we are invited to see solidified air, at another to listen to telephonic messages that are being three degrees farther north, they ap- of nature discovers something which pear a month earlier, and, as already attracts attention, causes wonder, and remarked, on the rivers of the Varan- affords material for discussion. ger Fjord, still farther to the north, about the 25th of June. It would thus seem that the shoals of fish come with the Gulf Stream from the west, the transmitted without a wire, or to pause more easterly rivers on this coast, irrespective of latitude, being the latest. Such also is the case with the cod, which arrive on the Finmarken and Murman coasts after the season in Lofoden. with astonishment before a pen which is producing a fac-simile of the writing, the sketches, and the erasures of a person who may be in a distant city. Not a day passes without a new creation or discovery, and novelties for our We fear, however, that the limits of edification and instruction are brought our reader's patience have been ex- to our notice at the meetings of socihausted; and although volumes might eties and conventions which from time be written upon this wild and compara- to time are held in various parts of the tively little-known corner of northern world. At the last meeting of the Europe its birds, its beasts, its fishes, British Association, held in Nottingits human inhabitants with their singu- ham, the attention of members was lar migrations and yearly wanderings – called to the reports of two committees we will not attempt to trespass further. summarizing a series of facts which Our endeavor has been to show what a seem destined to open a new field in field it offers to the sportsman, more the science which treats of movements especially to the angler; and in this in the crust of our earth. For thirteen we trust we have partially, at any rate, years one of these committees has desucceeded, although, perhaps, in enu- voted its attention to the volcanic and merating so many rivers and lakes we seismic phenomena of Japan, with the may have seemed prolix. result that our knowledge of these subjects has been considerably extended. Now we observe that earthquakes, which are referred to as catastrophes in the processes of mountain formation and the elevation or depression along our coast-lines, are spoken of as "vulgar disturbances" which interfere with the observation of certain earth movements which are probably as common to England as they are to Japan. Hard, indeed, is the life of the poor Laplander. Over hundreds of miles of desolate tundra, of frozen rivers and lakes sheeted in ice and snow, the fisherman wanders to pursue his arduous vocation on the coasts of the icy sea amid darkness, arctic cold, and winter storm, to return by the same long and toilsome journey for the brief summer time to his inland home. The hunter, with but imperfect weapons, pursues the wolf and the bear over the boundless wastes, and after a few weeks among the health-giving breezes of the coast, the reindeer-owner returns with his herd to the wilds of Enara and Kautokeino, there to protect his herds from their natural enemies amid wreaths of GEORGE LINDESAY. snow. From Nature. EARTH MOVEMENTS. EVERY year, every day, and possibly every hour, the physicist and observer Earthquake observations, although still capable of yielding much that is new, are for the present relegated to a subordinate position, while the study of a tide-like movement of the surface of our earth, which has been observed in Germany and Japan, earth tremors, and a variety of other movements, which we are assured are continually happening beneath our feet, are to take their place. Only in a few countries do earthquakes occur with sufficient frequency to make them worthy of serious attention. The new movements to which we are introduced are occurring at all times and in all countries, and we are asked to picture our conti- | tremor storms, which are now defined nents as surfaces with a configuration as long, flat waves which give to the that is always changing. We are told surface of our earth a movement not that every twenty-four hours the unlike the swell we so often see upon ground on which we live is gently an ocean. Such disturbances are partilted, so that the buildings in our ticularly noticeable whenever a district. cities, and the tall chimneys in our is crossed by a steep barometrical gramanufacturing towns, are slightly in- dient. It is not unlikely that these clined like stalks of corn bent over by movements, which are appreciable at a steady breeze. The greatest tilting takes place during the night; in the morning all return to the vertical. considerable depths, have an effect upon the escape of fire-damp at our collieries, that they may influence the accuracy of delicate weighing operations — as, for example, during the determination of standard weights - that they may interfere with gravitational observations, and that they are a neglected source of error in certain classes. Why such a movement should exist, we are not told. All that we hear, is that it is too large for a terrain tide produced by lunar attraction. In Japan it appears possible that it may prove to be a concertina-like opening and shutting of the crumpled strata forming of astronomical work. Our attention To determine is next directed to the bending effect produced in certain districts by the rise and fall of the barometer, certain areas under variations in atmospheric pressure behaving as if they were the vacuum chambers of an aneroid. a range of mountains. Then there are the earthquakes of comparatively restful countries like our A problem which suggests itself in own. A large fault, by which mounconnection with this novel work will be tains are suddenly lowered and valleys to determine the limiting change in compressed, takes place in a distant inclination, which we will assume country like Japan. Near the origin means rock-bending, that culminates of the dislocation the shaking brings in sudden fracture and a jar, causing an earthquake. Earthquake prophets up to the present appear to have lived upon the reputation of a few correct guesses, the non-occurrence of which would have been contrary to the laws of chance. As observation has shown us that a very large proportion of our earthquakes, like those which occur in the Himalayas and the Alps, and even those which occur in volcanic Japan, are produced by faulting or sudden breakages in crumpling strata, rather than by explosions at volcanic foci, it would seem that a study of the bending which leads to fracture would be a legitimate method to approach the vexed question of earthquake prediction. down forests from the mountain-sides, and the neighboring district is devastated. As the waves spread they become less and less violent until, after radiating a few hundred miles, they are no longer appreciable to our senses. But the earthquake has not ended. As long, flat, easy undulations it continues on until it has spread over the whole surface of our globe. The waves passing under Asia and Europe reach England first, while those crossing the meridian of our antipodes and North America arrive somewhat later. At Potsdam, Wilhelmshaven, and in Japan, waves of this order have often been recorded, but for the rest of the world they are thus far unrecognized. Great cities like London and New York are often rocked gently to and fro; but Another class of movements to which these world-wide movements, which our attention is called are our old may be utilized in connection with the acquaintances, the microseismic or determination of physical constants re lating to the rigidity of our planet's crust, because they are so gentle, have escaped attention. What other advantages would you secure by becoming a director? - A guinea an attendance. Anything else? A glass of sherry and a sandwich. What are your nominal duties? Have not the faintest idea. That the earth is breathing, that the tall buildings upon its surface are continually being moved to and fro, like What are your duties at a board the masts of ships upon an ocean, are meeting?—To shake hands with the at present facts which have received secretary and to sign an attendance but little recognition. Spasmodic move-book. ments which ruin cities attract attention for the moment, but when the dead are buried, and the survivors have rebuilt their homes, all is soon forgotten. It seems desirable that more should be done to advance our knowledge of the exact nature of all earth-movements, by establishing seismological observatories, or at least preventing those in existence from sinking J. MILNE. to decay. From Punch. THE DIRECTOR'S VADE MECUM. QUESTION: What is your duty as a director? To give my name to a prospectus. Is there any necessary formality before making this donation?—Yes; I am to accept a certain number of qualifying shares in the company obtaining the advantage of my directorial services. Would it be likely to include in your nominal duties the protection of the interests of the shareholders? likely as not. As Would it be overstating the case to say that thousands and thousands of needy persons are absolutely ruined by the selfish inattention of a company's direction? Not at all-possibly understating it. And may therefore do what you like, without any danger to your own interests ? - To be sure. Need you pay for these shares ? And consequently will do what you With proper manipulation, certainly best please, in spite of anything and not. anybody?-Why, certainly. THE ESSENCE OF CINNAMON. It will | some way, beneficial, and there knowledge be a remarkable sign of progress if science, ended. The latest announcement in the in its endeavors to discover a preventive, has to fall back on a sanative application almost forgotten since the days when our grandmothers were young. We call to mind an old gentlewoman, born about the middle of last century, and hale and hearty in the forties of this, whose mysterious pocket, of vast containing capacity, was always redolent of cinnamon. If any virtues were, in those days, ascribed to the spicy bark, we never heard of them. A little of it now and then, for tongue and teeth to toy with, was judged to be, in interests of medical science is that of an expert, who has been experimenting in M. Pasteur's laboratory, M. Chamberland, who says that no living disease-germ can resist for more than a few hours the antiseptic power of essence of cinnamon. M. Chamberland looks upon it as being not less effective in destroying microbes than corrosive sublimate. Its scent will kill them. A decoction of cinnamon is recommended, not only in influenza cases, but also in attacks of typhoid fever, and cholera. Rock. I. FABIAN ECONOMICS. By W. H. Mallock, Fortnightly Review, . Paul Perret, Temple Bar, VII. THE NEWEST ABOUT EARTH-WORMS. By Frank E. Beddard, F.R.S., Blackwood's Magazine, Fortnightly Review, Blackwood's Magazine, VIII. EGYPT FIVE THOUSAND YEARS AGO, Chambers' Journal, WITH THE MIND'S EYE, POETRY. 130 ON THE HILLS: MAY, "OUR NAN," MISCELLANY, 130 A VAIN SHADOW, PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY BY TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. For EIGHT DOLLARS remitted directly to the Publishers, the LIVING AGE will be punctually forwarded for a year, free of postage. Remittances should be made by bank draft or check, or by post-office money-order, if possible. If neither of these can be procured, the money should be sent in a registered letter. All postmasters are obliged to register letters when requested to do so. 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