The personnel of the General Land Office in the district offices as well as the Washington services is composed largely of lawyers or men who have been trained in the law. In most of the local land offices, during the last decade, either the Register or the Receiver has been a lawyer. Many of the clerks are well trained in the land laws, having handled land cases for several years. Often the decisions in the local offices are written by clerks and approved by the Register and the Receiver. This is especially true in the offices where there is too much work for the Register and the Receiver to handle alone. The Washington office, it has already been observed, has many law examiners and law clerks although they are often ranked merely as clerks. Probably more lawyers are employed in this bureau than in any of the executive departments other than the Department of Justice.

registers and receivers were created under the original organization when the duties were those of sales agent and recording officer. By additional legislation the duties of local officers have been changed. Under this dual system there is a divided responsibility. The register and receiver have to sign decisions and they are responsible together for the work of the office. This divided responsibility is not a successful method of management for any office. Experience has shown that there are frequent clashes between the two officers. The simplest organization would be the creation of a new office and the placing of one man in charge of all the work of the local office, and substituting for the receiver a bonded clerk."

Provision was made in the appropriation act for the year 1923 for the consolidation of the offices of register and receiver at twenty-five offices as follows: Montgomery, Alabama; El Centro and Susanville, California; Durango, Lamar, and Montrose, Colorado; Cœur d'Alene and Lewiston, Idaho; Topeka, Kansas; Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Cass Lake, Crookston, Duluth, Minnesota; Jackson, Mississippi; Billings, Great Falls, Kalispell, and Missoula, Montana; Lincoln, Nebraska; Elko, Nevada; Bismarck, North Dakota; Pierre, South Dakota; Vernal, Utah; Walla Walla and Yakima, Washington.

APPENDIX I

OUTLINE OF ORGANIZATION

EXPLANATORY NOTE

The Outlines of Organization have for their purpose to make known in detail the organization and personnel possessed by the several services in the national government to which they relate. They have been prepared in accordance with the plan followed by the President's Commission on Economy and Efficiency in the preparation of its outlines of the organization of the United States government.1 They differ from those outlines, however in that whereas the Commission's report showed only organization units, the presentation herein has been carried far enough to show the personnel embraced in each organization unit.

These outlines are of value not merely as an effective means of making known the organization of the several services. If kept revised to date by the services, they constitute exceedingly important tools of administration. They permit the directing personnel to see at a glance the organization and personnel at their disposition. They establish definitely the line of administrative authority and enable each employee to know his place in the system. They furnish the essential basis for making plans for determining costs by organization division and subdivision. They afford the data for a consideration of the problems of classifying and standardizing personnel and compensation. Collectively, they make it possible to determine the number and location of organization divisions of any particular kind, as, for example, laboratories, libraries, blue-print rooms, or any other kind of plant possessed by the national government, to what 162 Cong. 2 sess., H. doc. 458, 1912—2 vols.

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service they are attached and where they are located, or to determine what services are maintaining stations at any city or point in the United States. The Institute hopes that upon the completion of the present series, it will be able to prepare a complete classified statement of the technical and other facilities at the disposal of the government. The present monographs will then furnish the details regarding the organization, equipment, and work of the institutions so listed and classified.

1 Net, or without the temporary. "bonus" or additional compensation of 60 per cent on classes below $400, of $240 on classes of $400 to $2500, and of an amount necessary to make the total compensation $2740 on classes of $2500 to $2740. This is subject to minor exceptions in special

cases.