Harvey Ernest Jordan, M.A., Ph.D.: ZoÖLOGY. Professor of Histology and Embryology, University of Virginia. J. H. Junior: THE NAVY: A contributor of exceptional qualifications to write of naval affairs. Roland G. Kent, A.M., Ph.D.: INDO-EUROPEAN PHILOLOGY. Assistant Professor of Comparative Philology, University of Pennsylvania; Lecturer in Sanskrit, Bryn Mawr College. Philip Klein, A.B.: CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY. Assistant Secretary, Prison Association of New York; sometime Charles Knapp, A.M., Ph.D.: LATIN LITERATURE. Professor of Classical Philology, Columbia University. Howard L. Knight, B.S.: AGRICULTURAL LEGISLATION. Assistant Editor, Experiment Station Record, U. S. Department of Adolph Knopf, M.S., Ph.D.: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. Geologist, United States Geological Survey. John Koren, A.B., S.T.B.: THE LIQUOR PROBLEM. Alexander Lambert, M.D.: MEDICINE. Professor of Clinical Medicine, Cornell University. Margaret Johnson Lane: SOCIAL AND MENTAL HYGIENE. Editorial Collaborator, Committee on Provision for the Feeble- Winthrop David Lane, A.B.: CONSTRUCTIVE AND PREVENTIVE SOCIAL WORK. Herbert Sidney Langfeld, Ph.D.: PSYCHOLOGY. Assistant Professor of Psychology, Harvard University. George Washington Littlehales, C.E.: OCEANOGRAPHY. Hydrographic Engineer, U. S. Hydrographic Office. Charles E. Locke, S.B.: MINING AND ORE DRESSING. Assistant Professor of Mining Engineering and Metallurgy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Robert Bruce McBride: THE ARMY. Captain of Coast Artillery, U. S. Army; Assistant to the Quartermaster-General. William Bernard M'Cormick: PAINTING, SCULPTURE, AND HANDICRAFTS. Art Critic, New York Press and New York Evening Mail. George Grant MacCurdy, Ph.D.: ANTHROPOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. Assistant Professor of Archeology, Yale University. James Stanislaus MacGregor, M.S.: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND ALLOYS. Instructor in charge of Testing Laboratory, Columbia University. Frank McIntyre: TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES. Brigadier-General, U. S. Army; Chief, Bureau of Insular Affairs, Ralph Harper McKee, A.M., Ph.D.: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Professor of Chemistry, University of Maine. Frederick H. Martens: MUSIC. Musical journalist, on staff of the Musical Observer; New York correspondent of the London Musical Record. Alexander Martin: THE EUROPEAN WAR. A military officer with a record of naval service who for profes sional reasons writes pseudonymously. John Mabry Mathews, A.B., Ph.D.: STATE AND COUNTY GOVERNMENT, Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of Illinois. Herbert Ashton Megraw, B.S.: GOLD AND SILVER. Editorial Staff, Engineering and Mining Journal. Samuel James Meltzer, M.D., LL.D.: PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY. Head of the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. Charles Elwood Mendenhall, B.S., Ph.D.: PHYSICS. Professor of Physics, University of Wisconsin. Wesley Clair Mitchell, A.B., Ph.D.: ECONOMICS. Professor of Economics, Columbia University. Clifford Herschel Moore, Ph.D., Litt.D.: ANCIENT LITERATURE. John Nolen, Ph.B., A.M., Sc.D.: LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE. Harold Pender, Ph.D.: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. Professor of Electrical Engineering (in charge of Department), Ralph Barton Perry, A.M., Ph.D.: PHILOSOPHY. Professor of Philosophy, Harvard University. Edward Porritt: THE BRITISH EMPIRE. Journalist and author, American correspondent of the London Professor of Dynamical Geology and Geography, Johns Hopkins Calvin Winsor Rice, S.B.: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. Secretary, American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Walter F. Rogers, LL.M.: PATENTS AND INVENTIONS. Member of the New York and Washington Bars. William Horace Ross, M.Sc., Ph.D.: AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. Scientist in Soil Investigations, Bureau of Soils, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Gar A. Roush, A.B., M.S.: ELECTROCHEMISTRY. Assistant Professor of Metallurgy, Lehigh University; Assistant Edward McChesney Sait, M.A., Ph.D.: CONTINENTAL EUROPE AND ASIA. Herbert Newhard Shenton, A.M., B.D.: SOCIOLOGY. Instructor in Sociology, Columbia University. Daniel Bussier Shumway, B.S., Ph.D.: GERMANIC LITERATURE. Professor of Germanic Philology, University of Pennsylvania. George Otis Smith, Ph.D.: U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Hugh McCormick Smith, M.D., LL.D.: FISHERIES. William M. Steuart, LL.B., LL.M.: MANUFACTURES. Chief Statistician for Manufactures, U. S. Census Bureau. Wendell M. Strong, M.A., Ph.D., LL.B.: LIFE INSURANCE. Associate Actuary, Mutual Life Insurance Company, New York; Carl Dean Thompson, M.A., B.D.: SOCIALISM. Director, Information and Research Bureau, Socialist Party of Laura A. Thompson, A.B.: CHILD WELFARE. Librarian, Children's Bureau, U. S. Department of Labor. William Lawrence Tower, Sc.B.: ORGANIC EVOLUTION. Associate Professor of Zoology, University of Chicago. James Libby Tryon, A.B., B.D., LL.B., Ph.D.: PEACE AND ARBITRATION. Director, New England Department, American Peace Society. Thurman William Van Metre, A.M., Ph.D.: PANAMA CANAL; WATERWAYS AND HARBORS. Instructor in Transportation and Commerce, University of Pennsylvania. Chester G. Vernier, A.B., J.D.: CRIMINAL LAW. Professor of Law, University of Illinois; Associate Editor, Journal Robert DeCourcy Ward, A.M.: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY. Frank Julian Warne, M.A., Ph.D.: IMMIGRATION. Professional Expert on Railway Economics; Special Expert on Foreign-born Population, Thirteenth Census. Hugh Webster, B.S.: DAIRYING, LIVE STOCK. Editor, Office of Experiment Stations, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Herbert Percy Whitlock, C.E.: MINERALOGY AND PETROGRAPHY. Mineralogist and Curator of Minerals, New York State Museum. Francis Graham Wickware, B.A., B.Sc.: AMERICAN HISTORY; MISCELLA NEOUS. Managing Editor, THE AMERICAN YEAR BOOK. Frank Clinton Wight, C.E.: CIVIL ENGINEERING. Managing Editor, Engineering News. Charles Clarence Williamson, A.B., Ph.D.: PUBLIC FINANCE. Librarian, Municipal Reference Library, New York City. Edwin Bidwell Wilson, Ph.D.: MATHEMATICS. Professor of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. James Renwick Withrow, B.S., Ph.D.: INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY. Professor of Industrial Chemistry, Ohio State University; Consulting Chemical Engineer. Martha Wollstein, M.D.: PATHOLOGY AND BACTERIOLOGY. Associate of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research; Pathologist to the Babies' Hospital, New York. James Albert Woodburn, A.M., Ph.D., LL.D.: POLITICS AND PARTIES. Professor of American History and Politics, Indiana University. Clinton Rogers Woodruff, Ph.B., LL.B.: CIVIL SERVICE; COUNTY GOVERNMENT; MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT; SOCIAL WORK OF THE CHURCHES. Secretary, National Municipal League; Editor, National Municipal Review. Jay Backus Woodworth, B.S.: DYNAMICAL AND STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY. James Ingersoll Wyer, Jr., M.L.S.: LIBRARIES. Director, New York State Library. BRITISH RESTRAINTS ON COMMERCE The Declaration of London and the Law of Contraband.-The Declaration of London, signed on behalf of the ten leading maritime powers participating in the International Naval Conference of 1908, was intended to supply an international code on disputed points of prize law and to define precisely the agreement of the Conference on certain important principles of naval warfare relating to the subjects of blockade, contraband, continuous voyages, unneutral service, destruction of neutral prizes, transfer of flag, enemy character, convoy, resistance to visit and search, and indemnity for seizure. The provisions of the Declaration on the subject of contraband embodied specific schedules of absolute and conditional contraband, and also a list of 17 groups of articles which should never be classed as contraband in any circumstances; this absolute free list including cotton, silk, flax, rubber, metallic ores and other raw materials, and certain articles, such as agricultural and mining machinery, clocks, watches, furniture, etc., which could be used only incidentally in war. While the articles dealing with contraband were acceptable to the British Government, they did not satisfy British public opinion, and on Dec. 12, 1911, the House of Lords rejected a Naval Prize. bill incorporating the provisions of the Declaration of London. Great Britain neglected to secure acceptable modifications by negotiation with the other signatories, and as she was not in a position to ratify, the Declaration was formally ratified only by the United States (April 24, 1912). France, however, embodied its provisions in the "Instructions for the Application of International Law in Case of War," issued on Dec. 19, 1912, and Germany likewise incorporated its provisions in the prize ordinance drafted in September, 1912, and issued on Aug. 3, 1914. Shortly after the outbreak of the European War, the United States suggested to the belligerents the adoption for the sake of uniformity of the Declaration of London as a temporary code of naval warfare during the period of the war. Germany and Austria-Hungary agreed, upon condition of reciprocity, but Great Britain, France and Russia declined to promulgate the Declaration without certain additions and modifications, later incorporated in the British or ders-in-council. As the terms of the Declaration required its acceptance as a whole, the United States withdrew the suggestion, and so informed Germany late in October, on the receipt of a memorandum of protest addressed by Germany to the neutral signatories against violations of the Declaration by Great Britain and France. The American memorandum, after explaining the reasons for the withdrawal of the suggestion for the temporary adoption of the Declaration, reserved to the United States complete freedom of action, in the following terms: of the enemy state, and that destination was presumed to exist if the goods were consigned to enemy authorities, or to a contractor to the government, or to a fortified place or other place serving as a base for the armed forces of the enemy. Further, as the result of a diplomatic compromise (A. Y. B., 1910, p. 110), the Declaration applied the rule of continuous transport to absolute contraband, but expressly rejected the doctrine for conditional contraband, except when the enemy country has no seaboard. The modifications introduced in the Declaration of London by an order-in-council of Oct. 29, which purported to reenact the order of Aug. 20 "with amendments in order to minimize, so far as possible, the interference with innocent neutral trade occasioned by the war," were as follows: The United States Government, therefore, will insist that its rights and 1. During the present hostilities the duties and those of its citizens in the provisions of the convention known as present war be defined by the existing the Declaration of London shall, subject rules of international law and the to the exclusion of the lists of contratreaties of the United States with the band and non-contraband, and to the belligerents independently of the pro- modifications hereinafter set out, be visions of the Declaration, and this Gov-adopted and put in force by His Majesernment will reserve the right to enter ty's Government. a demand or protest in every case in which the rights and duties mentioned above and defined by existing rules of international law are violated or their free exercise hindered by the authorities of the belligerent Governments. sea. The modifications are as follows: (i) A neutral vessel, with papers indicating a neutral destination, which, notwithstanding the destination shown on the papers, proceeds to an enemy port, shall be liable to capture and condemnation if she is encountered before the end of her next voyage. (iii) Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 35 of the said Declaration, conditional contraband shall be liable to capture on board a vessel bound for a neutral port if the goods are consigned "to order," or if the ship's papers do not show who is the consignee of the goods or if they show a consignee of the goods in territory belonging to or occupied by the enemy. British Modifications of the Declara(ii) The destination referred to in tion of London.-While Great Britain Article 33 of the said Declaration shall found it incompatible with the inter- (in addition to the presumptions laid ests of the Allies to accept the Dec-down in Article 34) be presumed to exist if the goods are consigned to or for laration of London in its entirety, she an agent of the enemy State. adopted it in modified form, with the concurrence of France and Russia, as a statement of the principles governing her conduct of warfare on the By an order-in-council of Aug. 20, 1914, the Declaration was ordered "adopted and put in force by His Majesty's Government as if the same had been ratified by His Majesty," subject to certain additions and modifications. The most important changes widened the ground for presumption of hostile destination and extended the doctrine of continuous transport to conditional contraband. According to the Declaration, conditional contraband was subject to capture only if shown to be destined for the use of the armed forces or the government 2. Where it is shown to the satisfac ceding paragraph (iii) it shall lie upon |