lightful imaginative quality. Turning | acter was more architectural and less to a work of an entirely different decorative in spirit than is the case at character we are struck by the charm- the San Francisco Exposition. The maing playful character of the design terials were more frankly used and and of the details of the Horticul- were less disguised by color. Textures tural Palace. The architect disre- were carefully studied so as to produce garded somewhat the conventional the effect of old work but not in a way constructive forms of the past and to hide or modify the nature of the produced an ensemble which by the materials. On the other hand, these details and color effects was truly buildings were more imitative in festive and frankly temporary. Very character, it was the charm of the "modern French" in character, it did past that was here reproduced for our not harmonize well with the other enjoyment. The naïve mistakes of conbuildings and the virile and strong struction and composition are not corornament made the delicate char- rected, the architecture is not only acter of the Festival Hall seem some- frankly but proudly imitative. The what thin. This lack of architectural modern practical spirit and all atharmony, frequent in the exposition tempts at originality were carefully buildings, was hidden by the charm- avoided, yet the whole was conceived ing color effects to such an extent that with a very modern sense of compoit makes one wonder if color is not sition. The approach over the bridge more important than form. For in- and the massing of the buildings were terior furnishings this is probably admirably arranged and conceived. true. The treatment of the interiors Here the best kind of picturesque was of Mrs. Gardner's palace in Boston achieved by fine masses and the apseems to prove this beyond question, propriate selection of models, producfor there we find examples of all pe- ing the impression of natural growth riods brought together without regard rather than of a conscious copy. to style, character or scale, and yet, because they are arranged with a wonderful sense of color, harmonies are produced that are perfectly satisfactory and delightful to look at. The Court of Abundance was interesting because of its originality, and originality was here developed to the point of not looking new, in fact, was so consistent and harmonious in form and detail that it looked more "arrived," as the French would say, than some of the mixtures of styles we find elsewhere. The Court of the Universe was also most interesting and was executed with that care for detail that has characterized the work of its architects for many years. The attempt to take suggestions from several sources, however, was a somewhat new departure and the adaptations did not seem to have been carried quite far enough to produce perfect harmony. Notable Buildings of the Year.The new Post Office in Washington, one of the notable buildings of the year, is, in style, an example of adapted classic, massive, dignified and severely correct in its details and motives. It seems, perhaps, somewhat too impressive for the use to which it is put. This discrepancy is felt when we note, for instance, the classic spirit of the columns and the utilitarianism of the windows. This brings up a question of point of view. Many of our architects have worked on the principle that by making their buildings as impressive, as beautiful and as grand as possible, regardless of use, they achieve the best results. The waiting room of the Pennsylvania Station in New York is a magnificent example of this. It is part of a railroad station and yet, we find there a dignity and solemnity that makes our civic structures and even our churches The San Diego Exposition. The and cathedrals seem by contrast less buildings of the San Diego Exposition sacred and more temporal. If we were conceived in a different spirit have a bank to build, should we make from those described above. One style it as grand as architectural forms pervades the whole composition and permit by using a dome, a pediment although adapted and modified in var- and a classic order, or shall we deious manners, produced a harmonious liberately make a practical, economiarchitectural whole. The general char-cal structure with a commercial char acter? We have advocates of each method. The first attitude results from the imitative method and the second from the creative. Each has its merits, each has richly contributed to our art, each is justified at certain times. Another structure of particular interest is the new Yale Club in New York City. Thoroughly modern in conception and arrangement, the dining rooms are placed 20 or more stories from the street, and the swimming pool lifted above its usual place in the basement to a location near the bedroom floors. For the interior decorations various styles have been selected, appropriate in character and cleverly adapted. The building is creative as to general conception and imitative as to interior treatment. Among other important and successful buildings of the year are the Harvard Library at Cambridge, Gilman Hall of Johns Hopkins University, and the wards and other structures of the Burke Relief Foundation at White Plains, New York. Commercial Structures.-The recent structures of a purely utilitarian character, such as factories, storehouses and commercial buildings, show a most serious effort on the part of their designers to find an appropriate architectural expression for the practical requirements of these problems which the engineer and efficiency experts have already successfully solved. It is now the turn of the artist to do his share. In these buildings originality has been more or less forced on the architects, for the conditions differed too much to permit of mere adaptation of classic forms. The need of huge windows with metal frames, concentrated supports, flat roofs or skylights, cornices suppressed to gain light, moldings omitted for economy and cleanliness, has resulted in structures of a new type, frequent The house of Stuart Duncan at Newport, R. I., is an interesting example of the imitative method and one of the successful country houses of the year. Wood, stone, brick, slate, glass, iron all have been so carefully selected and ingeniously treated that it is hard to realize the structure is new. The plan also has the haphaz-ly ugly, it must be admitted, but nevard, accidental character that gives the early English manor house much of its charm. These naïve effects which seem so simple are most difficult to produce consciously with our modern prejudices, inherited or acquired, for axes, symmetry, circulation, compactness and convenience. Organizations. ertheless most useful experiments. The modifications of the cornice to suit modern requirements is an interesting development of the day, and so is the decorative treatment of walls which are no longer supports but merely filling in or protective panelling. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE JOHN NOLEN The competition National Work.-Preliminary plans for the fellowship of the American for an appropriate village for YosemSociety of Landscape Architects at ite National Park have been prepared the American Academy at Rome was by Mark Daniels, general superinwon by Edward G. Lawson of Cornell tendent of landscape engineering for University, selecting Bremer W. Pond national parks. Associated with him of Harvard as alternate. The success- as consulting architects in the revisful candidate probably will not be ion and perfection of plans are Louis sent this year on account of war con- C. Mullgardt and L. P. Hobart. The ditions. The publication of The City final plans will be submitted to NaPlan, a quarterly, was begun in tional Fine Arts Commission. The March by the National Conference on American Civic Association has orCity Planning. The National Acad-ganized an active committee to proemy of Arborists has organized for the purpose of maintaining the practical arboriculture and landscape forestry of the country on the highest professional basis. vide a National Park Service as part of Department of the Interior. "Get America ready to be seen" is the slogan of the chairman, Enos Mills, Estes Park, Colo. During the summer 600,000 easterners traveled to the Far West, and it is estimated that they averaged one visit each to at least one of the 14 national parks. The addition of new parks is being urged, e. g., the Grand Canyon of Arizona. year were the California Expositions, the Panama-Pacific at San Francisco, and the Panama-California at San Diego, both in commemoration of the opening of the Panama Canal. At San Francisco a salt marsh used as a Record of Public Work.-Among city's dumping ground was transthe important public works completed formed into a fairy-land of tropical or in process are the following: the beauty. It covers 635 acres of ground completion of plans for the park and on the southern shore of San Franboulevard system for Springfield, cisco Bay, just inside the famous Mo.; new park being laid out at Golden Gate. The general architecAbingdon, Ill.; adoption of the Kess-tural scheme of the Exposition was ler plan for improvement of Lake marked by three groupings: the cenCliff Park, Dallas, Tex., the plan pro-tral group comprising eleven main viding for a large swimming pool; exhibit palaces and Festival Hall; the $350,000 to be spent in the improve- western group, the pavilions of the ment of Swope Park, Kansas City, foreign nations and the buildings of Mo.; Jitney Park, the "kids" " own the states; and the eastern group, the park, managed by boys and girls in amusement zone. The block plan congested districts, Pittsburgh; school for laying out the Exposition was gardens made from unsightly vacant adopted by an architectural commislots, and agriculture made part of sion of eight members, each of whom regular school curriculum in Port- was made responsible for the design land, Ore.; public park for negroes of some one architectural feature restarted by negro citizens at Temple, quired in the scheme. The most favorTex.; Union Station Park, Galveston, able general comment was given to the Tex.; Straus Fountain Memorial un- Palace of Fine Arts by R. H. Mayveiled in Straus Park, New York beck, San Francisco, and the Court City; park systems outlined for of Abundance by Louis Christian Bridgeport, Conn., and Sacramento, Mullgardt, San Francisco. The color Cal.; considerable land developed for scheme was in charge of Jules Guerin, park purposes at Houston, Tex.; new New York; the illumination, W. athletic park under construction on D'Arcy Ryan, San Francisco; the Texas and Pacific Reservation at Fort landscape gardening, John_McLaren, Worth, Tex.; development of Mystic San Francisco. The Exposition Valley Reservation in Medford, Mass., opened on Feb. 20 and closed Dec. 4. progressing; five new parks in Chicago equipped with playground and outdoor gymnasium apparatus. (See also VII, Municipal Government.) Competitions and Exhibitions. Two important competitions of the year were the competition for the intersection of Forty-second Street and Fifth Avenue, New York, under the auspices of the Municipal Art Society, New York, and the competition for an entrance to Schenley Park from Grant Boulevard, Pittsburgh. The exhibition of the Boston Society of Landscape Architects held at the Boston City Club, Feb. 16 to March 2, is of particular interest as being the first exhibition solely of works of landscape architecture held by the profession in the United States. International Expositions. The greatest works of landscape architecture reaching completion during the The Panama-California Exposition at San Diego was devoted mainly to the great Southwest, and to the work of the School of American Archeology and the Archeological Institute of America. The general plan for the Exposition was first prepared by Olmsted Brothers, landscape architects, Boston, and has points of merit as a landscape plan beyond that of the Panama-Pacific Exposition. The director of work was Frank P. Allen, Jr. The principal axes are represented by the Prado, a typical Spanish or Spanish-American street, and the Plaza de Panama, around which were grouped in orderly fashion many of the principal buildings of the Exposition. These schemes illustrate the possibilities of landscape architecture in its application to California cities. The buildings were located in Balboa Park, the great public park of the city, and were in the appropriate Spanish Colonial or Mission style of architecture. The California quadrangle comprises permanent buildings surrounding the Plaza de California. Its architecture, furnishing the key-note of the Exposition, was the work of Bertram G. Goodhue, New York. Among other characteristic exhibits mention should be made of the Model Intensive Farm, a five-acre tract with model bungalow, demonstrating the possibilities of California life. The Panama-California Exposition opened on Jan. 1, and continued throughout the year. (See also Architecture, supra.) Bibliography. The principal publications of the year in the field of landscape architecture and city planning are: BENNETT, Edward H.-Preliminary Plan of Detroit. (Detroit, 1915.) COMEY, Arthur Coleman.-Detroit Suburban Planning. Report to the City Plan and Improvement Commission. (Detroit, 1915.) GEDDES, Patrick.-Cities in Evolution. (London, 1915.) HOWE, Samuel.-American Country Homes of To-day. (New York, 1915.) ARCHEOLOGY CLASSICAL ARCHEOLOGY WILLIAM NICKERSON BATES Progress of Research.-During the year 1915 there have been comparatively few discoveries to record in the field of classical archæology, chiefly because of the great European War which put a stop to nearly all excavation. Thus no work was done at Sardis, where Princeton University is gradually bringing to light the buildings surrounding the great temple of Artemis. So, too, the publication of archæological material in the countries engaged in the war has been very much restricted. In Greece the situation has been somewhat better, and in the autumn of 1914 the American School of Classical Studies at Athens was able to do considerable work at Corinth. Corinth. A fine Greek terrace wall running north and south was uncovered, which may prove to be the eastern line of the marketplace. In the best preserved part six courses of | large ashlar blocks still remain above the broad lowest course. Parallel to this Greek wall, another wall was found which appears to be Roman of the best period. These walls face inward and in Roman times formed a long chamber. Within are remains of small bases for columns. More important than these walls are the sculptures unearthed by the excavators. There were found two statues, greater than life size, of members of the family of Augustus, and bearing a striking resemblance to him. They are nude, with drapery hanging over the left shoulder and down the side to a tree trunk. One is almost perfectly preserved, the left forearm and tip of the nose alone being gone. The other is broken off below the waist and both arms and the nose are missing. They have been identified provisionally as Caius and Lucius Cæsar. A third statue represented an unidentified Roman emperor. It is preserved from the neck to the knees. The fig ure wore an elaborate cuirass and drapery. There was found also a perfectly preserved head of Augustus as pontifex maximus, which apparently has no connection with the torso just mentioned. The face is slightly bearded. Reports on other excavations not previously published are now available. Corfu.-At Corfu Dr. Doerpfeld has ascertained that the Gorgon temple measured 23.80 m. by 48.95 m. Seven triglyphs, three metopes, and two fragments of limestone reliefs which may have decorated the façade of the pronaos were found, also some pieces of a terra-cotta gutter which may have belonged to an early wooden entablature. The temple was dedicated to Artemis. The Greeks have published many inscriptions found in recent years, especially in Thessaly, and report upon casual archæological explorations made in their newly acquired territory. Nicopolis.-At Nicopolis the temple erected by Augustus to commemorate his victory at Actium was found to have been completely demolished in Byzantine times. It was of the Corinthian order, about 56 m. long and 23 m. wide. In Italy E. Gabrici has published an elaborate report upon the excavations at Cumae. (published by L. D. Caskey in the American Journal of Archæology, 1915, p. 237ff). The figure is about 61⁄2 in. high, of ivory decorated with gold bands about the skirt; and snakes of gold are twined about her extended arms. Another important addition to an American museum is the bronze statue of a boy acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of New York and published in the catalogue of bronzes just mentioned and elsewhere. It probably represents a member of the family of Augustus. EPIGRAPHY WALTER DENNISON Division Greek Inscriptions.-In III, Sect. B, Pt. 5 of the Publications of the Princeton University Archæological Expedition to Syria in 19041905 and 1909, W. K. Prentice publishes 50 inscriptions; all are Greek except one which is a Greek and Latin bilingual. W. Sherwood Fox at the annual meeting of the Archæological Institute of America held at Haverford reported upon a Greek inscription found in the Fayûm in Egypt. The inscription dates from about the first half of the third century B. C. and originally was probably part of a large votive stele erected in honor of some god or of the reigning Ptolemy; it Cyprus.-A very important bilin- contains the names doubtless of solgual inscription from Amathus in Cy-diers or engineers in the royal service prus has been published by E. Sittig. It is in Greek and an unknown language which may be related to Minoan. In the latter part only the Greek proper names can be read. The terminations are like those in four other Cypriote inscriptions previously known. In the Metropolitan Museum in New York Minoan numerals have been found in a Cypriote inscription. Museums. A very important publication is Prof. John L. Myres' Handbook of the Cesnola Collection of Antiquities from Cyprus in the Metropolitan Museum. Important also is Miss G. M. A. Richter's catalogue of the bronzes in the same museum. The most interesting single object published during the year is the gold and ivory statuette of the Minoan snake goddess, acquired by the Boston Museum of Fine Arts in 1914 a settled in the Fayûm. The same writer publishes with comments in the American Journal of Philology (xxxiv, 437-450, and xxxv, 463–466) 12 Greek mummy-labels, now in the Royal Ontario Museum at Toronto; the labels are written in ink upon small strips of wood. In the American Journal of Archæology (xix, 63– 70) W. J. Moulton publishes 11 Greek inscriptions traced with brown mortar on the walls of a tomb near Beit Jibrin (the ancient Marissa) in Palestine. The inscriptions give the names of the occupants of the various loculi of the tomb, which was constructed toward the close of the third century B. C. In the same periodical (xix, 320-339) W. A. Oldfather publishes 19 new inscriptions from Locris including (No. 10) a long ephebic dedication of 33 lines |