Knight's Tale" (Jour. Eng. and Ger. | Constable, has been treated specifiPhil.) and A. S. Cook's "Beginning cally by D. L. Thomas (Jour. Eng. the Board in Prussia" (ibid.).

and Ger. Phil.). An interesting question of source has been discussed by J. S. P. Tatlock, “The Welsh Troilus and Cressida' and its Relation to the Elizabethan Drama" (Mod. Lang. Rev.), and L. Wann has considered "The Oriental in Elizabethan Drama" (Mod. Phil.). Finally, from among other articles may be mentioned Miss

Mod. Lang. Assoc.), R. Withington's "The Lord Mayor's Show for 1623" (ibid.), and, as belonging to a later time, E. C. Baldwin's "The 'Character' in Restoration Comedy” (ibid.).

The eighteenth century is connected with the preceding period on its critical side by J. Routh's "The Purpose of Art as Conceived in English Literary Criticism of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries" (Englische Studien) and The Rise of Classical English Criticism (New Orleans). A collection of Critical Essays of the Eighteenth Century, 1700-1725 has been edited by W. H. Durham. An important volume on the age of Johnson published during the year is C. B. Tinker's The Salon and English Letters. Articles on Swift and on the Dunciad of 1728 are to be found in the Nation and Modern Philology respectively.

Modern English Literature (since 1500). The transition from the Middle English to the Modern English period is well represented by an excellent article by Ronald S. Crane on "The Vogue of Guy of Warwick from the Close of the Middle Ages to the Romantic Revival" (Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc.). In sixteenth-century litera-E. M. Albright's "To be Staied" (Pub. ture apart from the drama there has been a tendency of late in America to focus attention on Spenser. F. M. Padelford writes on "The Political, Economic and Social Views of Spenser" (Jour. Eng. and Ger. Phil.), and P. W. Long discusses "Spenser and Sidney" (Anglia) and "Spenser's 'Muiopotmos'" (Mod. Lang. Rev.). H. D. Gray has added "A Possible Interpretation of Lyly's Endimion" (Anglia) to the number already existing. The connection between the Elizabethan age and the classics has been touched upon by Miss H. M. Blake in "Golding's Ovid in Eliza bethan Times" (Jour. Eng. and Ger. Phil.), and Miss C. D'Evelyn has discussed the "Sources of the Arthur Story in Chester' Love's Martyr" (ibid.). As is to be expected, the drama has received much attention. The third volume of Representative English Comedies under the general editorship of C. M. Gayley has appeared, and numerous articles on Shakespeare and his contemporaries have been published in the periodicals. H. D. Gray has treated "The First Quarto Hamlet" (Mod. Lang. Rev.) and, as regards Shakespeare's non-dramatic work, "The Arrangement and the Date of Shakespeare's Sonnets" (Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc.). J. Phelps has written on "Father Parsons in Shakespeare" (Archiv). F. L. Schoell has discussed the relation of "George Chapman and the Italian Neo-Latinists of the Quattrocento" (Mod. Phil.). C. M. Gayley's book on Francis Beaumont, Dramatist, is significant. Of somewhat similar title is A. H. Nason's James Shirley, Dramatist. "The Relation of Shirley's Plays to the Elizabethan Drama" is the title of a Columbia thesis by R. S. Forsythe. A late Elizabethan play, Glapthorne's Wit in a

Space permits mention of only two works bearing on the nineteenth century: S. C. Chew's The Dramas of Lord Byron: a Critical Study and the late Thomas R. Lounsbury's Life and Times of Tennyson. The latter book was the last thing Professor Lounsbury wrote before his death at the age of 77, on April 9, 1915. An indefatigable worker, the author of many important works, including three volumes of Chaucer studies, and books on Shakespeare and almost every phase of our language and literature, he was one of America's best known and most respected scholars. One other loss to American scholarship must be noted. On Nov. 14, 1914, Ewald Flügel died at his American home in California. At the time of his death he was engaged upon the monumental Chaucer Dictionary which he was preparing under the auspices of the Carnegie Foundation and which he had completed approximately as

far as F. His death is a great loss | to Chaucerian scholarship, and it is to be sincerely hoped that a way will be found for carrying on the work to which he so tirelessly devoted himself and which has been so unfortunately left unfinished.

GERMANIC LANGUAGES AND
LITERATURE

DANIEL B. SHUMWAY

German Fiction and Drama.-The anti-German feeling engendered in America by the European War does not seem to have materially diminished the interest in German literature. Hauptmann's modernization of the old Parsival legend has been translated by Oakley Williams (Macmillans) and the pathological character of the protagonists of his plays admirably set forth by Philo M. Buck, Jr., in the Unpopular Review for April. Sudermann's well known problem play Honor (Die Ehre) has been rendered into English by H. R. Bauhakhage with a preface from the pen of Barrett H. Clarke. A translation of Beyerlein's military drama Taps (Zapfenstreich), long familiar to the American public from its stage performances, has been made by A. Swickhard (Luce & Co.). Wedekind's powerful tragedy Earth Spirit (Erdgeist) has been translated by S. A. Eliot for Boni, and an admirable study of the dramatist's work with scenes from two of his plays given by Frances C. Fay in the Drama for August. A racy description of Hermann Bahr, the "Austrian Bernhard Shaw," and his dramas appeared in the Forum for March from the pen of H. F. Rubeinstein. E. Sheldon's weak melodramatic dramatization of Sudermann's novel the Song of Songs (Das Hohelied der Liebe) is severely criticized in the Nation of Jan. 21. R. T. Falconer has written on German Tragedy and Its Meaning for Canada (Univ. of Toronto Press) and E. W. Roessler on Soliloquy in Modern German Drama (Lemcke).

Stratz's latest novel, His English Wife, has been translated by C. C. Curtius (Longmans) and unfavorably reviewed in an article on "England in Recent German Fiction" (Living Age, Jan. 9), as being a childish picture of English life and a glorification of German military circles. Baroness von Heyking is represented by a new edition of her Letters Which Never Reached Him and a new work Lovers in Exile (Tschun), giving an interesting view of life in China (Dutton). Adolf Schumacher has published an excellent study of Lassalle as a Novelistic Subject of Spielhagen.

In the field of lyric poetry some of the many German poems called forth by the war have been rendered into English in two special articles, the one "German Poets and the War" (Review of Reviews, Feb. 15) dealing with the work of Dehmel, Lissauer, Vierordt, Hermann Hesse, etc., and the other "German War Poets of Today," by A. L. Salmon (Living Age, Feb. 13), praising the work of Dehmel and translating three lyrics. Lissauer's "Chant of Hate," which has produced more sensation than any other war poem, appears in English translations in the Outlook (Oct. 28, 1914) and in the Nation (March 11, 1915). A. von Ende gives an interesting review of "Recent German Poetry" (Nation, Aug. 5), dealing with Karl Henschel, Max Dauthendey, Adolf Frey, Stephan George and lesser lights. An excellent translation of Dehmel's beautiful lyric "The Working Man" (Der Arbeitsmann) by Alice S. Blackwell appeared in the Survey for March 13. Anna Bunston has well treated "German Soldier Songs" in the Living Age for April 10. After speaking of several popular ballads she gives excellent translations of Hauff's "Reitersmorgenlied” and "Soldatenmut," of Herwegh's "Reiterlied," and especially of Körner's beautiful "Prayer before Battle," and points out the prominence of death in the soldiers' songs. In another admirably written article in the German fiction is not as well repre- Living Age (Aug. 28), the same ausented as the drama. The most impor- thor treats at length the "German tant translation is that of Bernhard Idea of Death," aptly illustrating it Kellermann's Tunnel, a capital pic- by references to the Nibelungenlied, ture of certain phases of American to Goethe and to various writers of finance and enterprise. Richard the Romantic school.

The second volume of the new peri- |ing in Germanic (Univ. of Chicago odical, the Germanistic Society Quar-Press). More cultural in character is terly, contains a number of well writ- M. H. Haertel's study of the Social ten essays on German literature. One Conditions in Southern Bavaria in by A. W. Porterfield discusses "Some the Thirteenth Century as Shown by Things We Owe to German Romanti- Meier Helmbrecht (Trans. Wisconsin cism" (pp. 115-134). Bertha R. Coff- Acad. of Science, Arts and Letters, mann concludes her study of the "In-xvii, No. 2); also Geo. M. Priest's fluence of English Literature on Hag- Germany Since 1740 (Ginn), and edorn" (pp. 75-98). Paul R. Pope Ernest B. Bax' German Culture Past writes on "Richard Wagner's Debt to and Present (McBride, Nast & Co.). Literature" (June number). Julian German-American Relations. In this S. Haskell contributes two articles on field the most important publica"Quellenstudien zu Gerhart Haupt- tion of the year is undoubtedly E. M. mann," treating first "Stauffer Bern Fogel's exhaustive work on the Beals Urbild des Gabriel Schillings" in liefs and Superstitions of the Pennthe March number, and "Der Einfluss sylvania Germans (American GermanNietzsches auf Hauptmanns Einsame ica Press), in which he has collected Menschen" in the June number. More and compared over two thousand biographical in character is an inter- homely proverbs. Further, Preston A. esting account of Karl Schönherr, the Barba has published a comprehensive author of Glaube und Heimat, from study of Cooper in Germany (Univ. the pen of Fr. Schönemann (ibid, p. of Indiana Studies, No. 2), Chas. F. 93). Chas. A. Thurber has privately Brede continues his work on the "Gerissued a work on Fritz Reuter, con- man Drama in English on the Philataining some things about his life and delphia Stage," bringing it down to a translation of a few of his humor- 1822 (German-American Annals), and ous verses. Paul Carus, a well known Louis C. Baker begins his similar writer on philosophical subjects, has study of the New York stage (ibid.). published a very readable book on The Narrative of Johann Carl BuettGoethe: With Special Consideration ner in the American Revolution has of His Philosophy (Open Court), in been issued by the University of Chiwhich he not only discusses Goethe's cago Press, and J. A. Hoefli's experiphilosophy and religion, but treats of ences of a young Swiss immigrant in many lesser lights grouped about the California and New York under the central sun of German literature. E. title Erlebtes und Erstrebtes, verG. Jaeck has published a study on gilbte Tagebuch-Blätter (Stechert). Mme. de Staël and the Spread of German Literature (Oxford) and L. M. Price one on the Attitude of Gustav Freytag and Julian Schmidt toward English Literature (Johns Hopkins). "Dryden's Relation to Germany in the Eighteenth Century" is discussed by M. D. Baumgarten (Univ. of Nebraska).

German Texts and Teaching.-In this field as usual only the more important publications can be mentioned. The appearance of a school edition of Goethe's first novel Werthers Leiden by Ernst Feise (Oxford German Series) fills a long felt need. New editions of Thomas' Hermann und Dorothea and of Palmer's WilGerman Philology. In the field of helm Tell have been issued by Holt. German philology C. C. Mierow has G. O. Curme has prepared an edition rendered Jordanes' History of the of Grillparzer's symbolical drama LiGoths into English (Princeton Univ. bussa with an admirable introduction Press), R. J. Kellogg has written on (Oxford). J. T. Hatfield has com"Gothic Rendering of Greek Recur- piled a volume of Shorter German rents" (Mod. Phil., June, 1915), C. Poems for Secondary Schools M. Lotspeich discusses the "Physio- (Heath). Two war stories by Lilienlogical Aspects of Verner's Law" cron, Umzingelt and Der Richtungs(Jour. Eng. and Ger. Phil., xiv, 348), punkt, have been edited by W. H. O. P. Rein treats of "Mixed Preterites | David (Oxford), and three of Wildenin German" (Hesperia, No. 4), and bruch's tales under the title LachenH. O. Schwabe the Semantic Develop- des Land by L. M. Price (ibid.). Ludment of Words for Eating and Drink-wig von Arnim's amusing story Der

Tolle Invalide has been edited by A. E. Wilson (Putnams). Worthy of mention among the grammars are a new edition of Vos' Essentials of German (Holt) and Eine Ausführliche Deutsche Grammatik in gedrängter Form by Mabel L. Bishop and Florence McKinley (Heath).

a

(Columbia Univ. Germanic Studies). K. C. Babcock has treated the Scandinavian Element in the United States (Univ. of Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences, iii, No. 3), and Alfred Fonkalsrud has written work on Scandinavians, a Social Force in America. As usual a number of works in Swedish have been issued by the Augustana Book Co.: Hemlös from the German of L. Haarbeck, Heliga Birgittas Pilgrimsfärd by Verner von Heidenstam, I Västerland, a collection of prose and poetry by Oliver A. Linder, and Pa Heidelberget with other tales from the German. Ole E. Rolvaag's Paa glemte veie has been published by the Augsburg Publishing Co.

In the field of teaching Charles K. Handschin has published an excellent survey of the "Facilities for Graduate Instruction in Modern Languages in the United States" (Miami Univ.). The same author deprecates the use of texts of second-rate writers for elementary language work (Education, May) and also tells how the report of the committee on modern language can be made helpful (School and Society, June 5). The school of education of the University of Illinois has published (Bull. 12) "Suggestions and References for Modern Language Teachers" by T. E. Oliver. S. M. Waxman writes on the "Teach-ed. In the field of literary criticism ing of the Pronunciation of Foreign Languages," in the Educational Review for June. C. A. Krause has issued in book form four lectures on the Reform Method in America which he delivered in German in the Marburg summer school (Stechert).

Swedish. In the field of Swedish there has not been as much activity as in the last two years. The interest in Strindberg, however, is continued by the translation of a number of his stories under the title German Lieutenant and Other Stories_(McClurg). Translations of two of Tegner's famous poems have been issued together, the one the familiar "Children of the Lord's Supper" by Longfellow, the other the "Frithiof's Saga" by W. L. Blackley (Scandinavian Classics, ii). A volume of Agnes Wergeland's posthumous poems (Efterladte Digte) has been published by the Free Church Book Concern. By far the most noteworthy book of the year, however, is the translation of Selma Lagerlöf's religious romance Jerusalem, which in masterly fashion describes the attempts of Swedish peasants to found a colony in Palestine. It is translated by Velma S. Howard with an introduction by H. G. Leach. In the field of literary criticism, A. B. Benson has traced the Old Norse Elements in Swedish Romanticism

Norwegian. Apart from a translation of Ibsen's symbolical drama Brand by F. E. Garrett (Everyman's Library, Dutton), modern Norwegian literature is practically not represent

A. M. Sturtevant discusses Ibsen's comedy of adventure Sankthansnatten (St. John's Eve) in the Journal of English and German Philology (xv, 357). An unfavorable review of Sigurd Ibsen's social problem play Robert Frank as translated by Marcia K. Johnson (Scribners) appeared in the Nation (Feb. 11), the writer pointing out that Sigurd Ibsen possesses none of his father's dramatic ability and is much better in his previous rôle of essayist. The older literature is represented by the Story of Griselda in Iceland (Kvaethi um Grisilla) by Rögnvaldsson Thorvaldur which has been edited by Haldor Hermannsson (Icelandica, vii, Cornell Univ.) and by a volume of Norse Legends compiled by A. E. Sims and M. L. Harry (World Book Co.). G. T. Flom has treated the Phonology of the Dialect of Aurland (Univ. of Illinois). Revised second editions have been published of P. Groth's Norwegian Grammar (Stechert) and of Michelet's First Year of Norse (Free Church Book Concern). In the line of travel A. E. Olsen has published The Land of the Norsemen (Holt).

Danish. In this field the interest in Holberg is continued by translations of three of his comedies, Jeppe of the Hill (Jeppe paa Bierget), the Political Tinker (Den politisk Kan

destober) and Erasmus Montanus, by | professor in the University of Pisa,