literary matters with which Horace, Sermones, I, x, deals; "Medical Allusions in the Works of St. Jerome," by A. S. Pease (HS., xxv, 74); "Ovid's Experiences with Languages at Tomi," by H. S. Gehman (CJ., xi, 50); "Some Sources of Comic Effect in Petronius," by K. Preston (CP., x, 260); “The Tradition of Pliny's Letters," by E. T. Merrill (CP., x, 8), an outline of the tradition of Pliny's letters from their first appearance to the days of the early printed editions; "The Modern Note in Seneca's Letters," by R. M. Gummere (CP., x, 139); "Apragopolis, Island-Home of Ancient Lotus-Eaters," by W. B. McDaniel (TAPA., xlv, 29), an argument that the island which Suetonius (Life of Augustus, 98, 4) calls Apragopolis, and places near Capri, is Monacone: the author holds that 2,000 years ago Monacone was a far larger and more attractive island, reminding us that in the same period Capri itself has sunk many feet; "Notes on Suetonius," by J. C. Rolfe (TAPA., xlv, 35); "The Tinus in Virgil's Flora," by H. R. Fairclough (CP., x, 405), a defence of tinus versus pinus as the correct reading in several passages of Virgil's Georgics, and an identification of the tinus with Viburnum Tinus L.; "Virgil and the Country Pastor," by C. P. Parker (CW., viii, 74), an interesting analysis of the motifs of the Georgics of Virgil. Less definitely connected with a particular author are the following: "Rhetorical Studies in the Arbitration Scene of Menander's Epitrepontes," by J. W. Cohoon (TAPA., xlv, 141), of importance to students of Plautus, Terence, and especially Quintilian; "The Pastoral, Ancient and Modern," by W. P. Mustard (CW., viii, 161); "Medieval Versions of the Posterior Analytics of Aristotle," by C. H. Haskins (HS., xxv, 87); "National Exempla Virtutis in Roman Literature," by H. W. Litchfield (HS., xxv, 1), a consideration of the persons cited by various Latin writers as embodiments of national virtues, such as aequitas, fides, pietas, fortitudo; "The Story of the Strix: Isidorus and the Glossographers," by S. G. Oliphant (TAPA., xlv, 49), a continuation of the article noted in the YEAR BOOK for 1914 (p. 767); "The Significance of the Wing-Entrance in Roman Comedy," by Eleanor F. Rambo (CP., x, 411), a paper of interest to students of Plautus and Terence both; and "Ancient Appreciation of Mountain Scenery," by W. W. Hyde (CJ., xi, 70), an account of the attitude of many writers, Greek and Latin both, toward mountains. SEMITIC LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE MORRIS JASTROW, JR. The European War has seriously interfered with scientific activity in the field of Semitics as in other fields. This is particularly felt in the case of an international undertaking like the Encyclopedia of Islam, of which nothing has appeared since the summer of 1914. Other undertakings that have been announced, particularly in Germany and France, have been delayed. In England there has been some activity, and special mention should be made of a series of volumes issued by the British Academy under the Schweich Lecture Foundation. C. H. W. Johns has published as his contribution an interesting study on the relations between The Laws of Babylonia and the Laws of the Hebrew Peoples, showing traces of direct borrowing by the latter; and one of the Louvain professors, Dr. A. Van Hoonacker, who was the Schweich lecturer in 1914, has given (in French) a valuable study on the Judæan Colony at Elephantine in the sixth and fifth centuries before this era, summarizing the results of the remarkable Aramaic documents found in that region. F. C. Burkitt, the wellknown English scholar, has given a general survey of Jewish and Christian apocalyptists which illustrates the narrowness of the dividing line between the two divisions. In this country the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania has been particularly active during the year. It has brought out, in the Babylonian Section, a substantial volume of Sumerian texts by Dr. Edward Chiera on Legal and Administrative Documents from Nippur, Chiefly from the Dynasties of Isin and Larsa, which furnishes new material for a period | elaborate lexicon of the names and hitherto poorly represented. Dr. Chiera has well under way a further series of volumes of Sumerian texts, furnishing long lists of proper names and representing school exercises carried on in the temple of Nippur thousands of years ago. In the same period is a volume of Sumerian texts of the oldest period known to us, by Prof. George A. Barton, under the title Sumerian Business and Administrative Documents from the Earliest Times to the Dynasty of Agade. Prof. Arthur Ungnad contributes a volume of Babylonian Letters of the Hammurabi Period which are as interesting as they are varied in contents. And finally, Dr. Stephen Langdon, of Oxford, has published in the same series a tablet containing, according to his interpretation, the Sumerian epic of Paradise, the Flood and the fall of man. Of the interest of the text there is no doubt, but it is questionable whether scholars will be ready to accept Dr. Langdon's somewhat fanciful interpretation. dates found in the cuneiform inscriptions. Το this compilation, which has been carried out with great care, the author has added an introduction discussing the ideas underlying proper names and cognate problems, including a comparison between Babylonian and Hebrew religious ideas. Of a general character is the study of Johannes Petersen of the oath among the Semites, with particular reference to the Mohammedans (Der Eid bei den Semiten) which is to be particularly recommended to students and which will be found valuable in a comparative study of religious customs. The splendid series of publications containing the results of the Princeton University archæological expedition to Syria has been enriched by three substantial volumes, comprising the Greek and Latin inscriptions in northern and southern Syria, by Messrs. Littman, Magie and Stuart, and also a volume of Nabataean inscriptions, by Prof. Littman of the University of Strassburg, the value of which is increased by an admirable introductory chapter outlining the character and general contents of the inscriptions and a survey of grammatical results. The texts are accompanied by brief but illuminating comments. Parallels from other languages and scripts have been abun dantly introduced. Prof. R. W. Rogers has brought out a sixth edition of his well known History of Babylonia and Assyria. The new edition, largely rewritten, embodies much new material that has been added to our knowledge of various periods in Babylonian-Assyrian history; and since Professor Rogers is an unusually conscientious student who overlooks nothing, his two volumes are to be recommended as the best general work on the subject. In this connection may be mentioned also the writer's work on the Civilization of Babylonia and Assyria, which is an endeavor to cover in a single volume the entire subject for the general reader. Besides two chapters devoted to the excavations and to the method of decipherment, the volume contains a survey of Ba-naments of Leyden University. It is bylonian-Assyrian history, two chapters on the religion and the cult, a survey of commerce and law, a rather full discussion of Babylonian-Assyrian art, and copious specimens of the literature. The book, it may be added, is elaborately illustrated by reproductions of monuments bearing on all phases of the civilization. Anton Deimel has published, under the title Pantheon Babylonicum, an Little has appeared in the field of Arabic studies during the year. The activity of the Gibb Memorial Series has been interrupted on account of the war, but, on the other hand, the first volume has appeared in a series instituted in memory of Prof. M. J. de Goeje, the great Arabic scholar who was for so many years one of the or a publication of a text of AÏ-Mufaddal Ibn Salama entitled Fakhir, and edited by Dr. C. A. Storey. The work is an exceedingly interesting compilation of popular Arabic phrases with an indication of their origin. Several important Arabic texts that were promised for 1915 have failed to make their appearance owing, no doubt, to the war. It may be proper to state, however, that two important works in the field of Mo-sylvania), supplementing it with hammedanism may soon be expected to appear, to wit, Aspects of Islam, by Professor Goldziher of the University of Budapest, now being printed by the Yale University Press, and the lectures on Mohammedanism delivered by Prof. C. Snouck Hurgronje, of the University of Leyden, in this country, in the spring of 1914. The latter volume will be published by Putnams and was in press at the end of the year. INDO-EUROPEAN PHILOLOGY brief articles on kindred topics (CW., viii, 9; PAPA., xlv, xvii; CJ., xi, 50). Indo-Iranian.-In the Harvard Oriental Series, edited by C. R. Lanman, Volume xvii has appeared: The Yoga-system of Patanjali, or, the Ancient Hindu Doctrine of Concentration of Mind; embracing the mnemonic Rules, called Yoga-sūtras, of Patañjali; and the Comment, called Yoga-bhashya, attributed to Veda-vyasa; and the Explanation, called Tattva-vāiçāradi, of Vachaspati-miçra; translated from the original (Exclusive of the Germanic Lan- Sanskrit by J. H. Woods. Woods has guages) ROLAND G. KENT General.-L. Bloomfield's "Sentence and Word" (TAPA.,1 xlv, 65) argues that the sentence is the original unit of speech, and that the progress is from an associational articulation of the utterance toward a structure in which there is an apperception of the separate elements. A. W. McWhorter, in "Notes in Syntax: Verb Function" (PAPA., xlv, xxiii), deals with the restrictions which the accessory factors of the form exercise upon the use of the form in the sentence. C. D. Buck has a detailed study of the original meanings of the "Words of Speaking and Saying in the Indo-European Languages" (AJP., xxxvi, 1, 125). W. Petersen, in "Der Ursprung der Exozentrika" (Indogermanische Forschungen, xxxiv, 254), seeks to show that compound adjectives of the type ῥοδοδάκτυλος start as substantives and later develop the adjectival use. R. G. Kent gives brief summaries of papers dealing with the linguistic side of Indo-European philology, read at meetings of learned societies in the United States from March, 1913, to June, 1914 (Indogermanisches Jahrbuch, ii, 217). H. S. Gehman handles a hitherto neglected subject, “The Interpreters of Foreign Languages among the Ancients" (doctoral dissertation, Univ. of Penn 1 Periodicals are cited under the following abbreviations: AJP, American Journal of Philology; CJ., Classical Journal; CP., Classical Philology; CQ., Classical Quarterly; CW., Classical Weekly; JAOS., Journal of the American Oriental Society; PAPA., TAPA., Proceedings and Transactions of the American Philological Association. translated also the Maniprabha in his article "The Yoga-sutras of Patañjali as illustrated by the Comment called 'The Jewel's Lustre' or Maniprabhā” (JAOS., xxxiv, 1). A few notes on "Pali Lexicography" are given by C. R. Lanman (PÂPA., xlv, xxii). S. G. Oliphant continues his studies in "The Vedic Dual; Part II, The Dual in Similes" (JAOS., xxxv, 16), showing that in the Vedic literature the elements compared regularly agree in number, and applying this principle to the interpretation of passages. L. C. Barret has published "The Kashmirian Atharva Veda, Book Four" (JAOS., xxxv, 42; see 4. Y. B., 1913, p. 806, and 1911, p. 779); 15 of the 40 hymns in the book consist of material mainly new. Passages in the Atharva Veda are freshly interpreted by F. Edgerton (AJP., XXXV, 435) and by R. G. Kent (JAOS., xxxiv, 310). F. Edgerton's “Hindu Beast Fable in the Light of Recent Studies" (AJP., xxxvi, 44, 253) is a valuable critique of, and corrective to, Hertel's "Pañcatantra: seine Geschichte und seine Verbreitung." The Madrassa Jubilee Volume, in honor of Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, issued at Bombay, contains three articles by American scholars: "Allusions in Pahlavi Literature to the Abomination of Idol-Worship," by A. V. W. Jackson; "The Story of Cambyses and the Magus, as told in the Fragments of Ctesias," by C. J. Ogden; "The Grave of King Darius at Naksh-i-Rustam," by H. C. Tolman. The last-named has written also on "The Middle Iranian Representation of I. E. xxviii). " and 1 " (PAPA., xlv, Etymology and Phonology, General and Classical.-E. W. Fay continues his progress in identifying suffixes as independent elements, in "Indo-Iranian Word Studies, II" (JAOS., xxxiv, 329), and has a valuable study in root contamination in his "Indo-European Initial Variants of DY- (Z-) / Y- / D-" (CQ., ix, 104). H. H. Bender, in "The Accent of Sanskrit -mant and -vant" (IF., xxxiv, 383) shows the relation of the accent of the adjectives with these suffixes, to that of the stems from which they are formed. W. Petersen has a monograph upon "The Greek Diminutive Sufix -ισκο-, -ισκη (Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sciences, xviii, 139). C. D. Buck's "Lesbian at for a and (CP., x, 215) presents corrected interpretations of forms found in the new papyrus fragments in the Lesbian dialect. G. Hempl interprets the Hittite inscriptions written in cuneiform script, as a dialect of Greek (Nation, ci, 324). n A. R. Anderson has made a complete collection of the instances of "EIS in the Accusative Plural of the Latin Third Declension" (TAPA., xlv, 129). E. W. Fay discusses the passages relating to "Nigidius Grammaticus; Casus Interrogandi" (AJP., xxxvi, 76). G. H. Cohen suggests that the frequentative verbs in -tāre started from frequentare (CP., x, 217). J. C. Rolfe removes from the list of Roman provinces "The Socalled Callium Provincia" (AJP., xxxvi, 323). A. L. Frothingham's "Grabovius-Gradivus, Plan and Po merium of Iguvium" (AJP., xxxvi, 314) is an important contribution to the understanding of the Umbrian bronze tablets. Miss Irene Nye offers an improvement in the interpretation of rihtúd amnúd in the Oscan inscription known as the Cippus Abellanus (CP., x, 218). E. W. Fay proposes another interpretation of the difficult portion of the inscription on the Oscan slingshot from Saepinum (Rivista di Filologia, xliii, 614). Syntax, Greek and Latin.-A. T. Robertson's Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research (Doran) is an exhaustive and scholarly volume, embodying the fruits of the periodical literature up to the time of its publication, both in matters of grammar and in those of exegesis; it utilizes the sidelights thrown by the Greek of the inscriptions of Asia Minor and the neighboring islands, and by the language of the papyrus documents found in Egypt (see also Greek Literature, supra). F. E. Robbins discusses Προλαμβάνειν with the Genitive" (CP., x, 77). The substantial accuracy of the term "Sequence of Tenses" and its pedagogical utility are defended by A. T. Walker (CJ., x, 246, 291) and by R. G. Kent (CW., ix, 2, 9), against the attacks made by W. G. Hale (AJP., vii-ix) and by the Report of the Joint Committee on Grammatical Nomenclature (A. Y. B., 1914, p. 769). J. J. Schlicher gives his third and concluding paper on "The Historical Infinitive" (CP., x, 54; see ix, 279, 374), dealing with the imitation and decline of the construction. XXXII. EDUCATION AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS ANNA TOLMAN SMITH ACTIVITIES OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT $2,500,000, or half the total sum necessary for their maintenance, the District bearing the other half. The appropriations for new school build million dollars, and for playgrounds $43,000. Congress also appropriated very nearly $150,000 for the care and education of defective, neglected and refractory children in the District. Appropriations.-The decade and a half of the twentieth century completed by the year 1915 has been marked by great increase in the educational activities of the country.ings for the District exceeded one This increase has been stimulated by the passage by Congress of the SmithLever Agricultural Extension Act of 1914 (A. Y. B., 1914, pp. 438, 771), which provides liberal aid for this work. Naturally the state and college authorities throughout the country have been formulating plans for the immediate use of the fund, having in view also the expansion provided for in the future (see also XVII, Agriculture). New impetus has also been given to the cause of vocational education by the work of the commission appointed under an act of Congress of 1914 (A. Y. B., 1914, p. 400). The commission was formed in view of a proposed appropriation of $50,000,000 to be distributed by a Federal board among the states in the course of a decade. Expected favorable action by Congress on the proposal has encouraged local efforts and stimulated discussion of plans and policies throughout the country. (See also XV, Vocational Education.) The customary appropriations by Congress for educational purposes were continued for the year ending June 30, 1915. The Department of Agriculture disbursed the continuing appropriation of $2,500,000 for the colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts, and $1,633,500 for experiment stations. The Department of the Interior through the agency of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs disbursed above $4,400,000 for Indian schools and school buildings. For the current expenses of the public schools of the District of Columbia, Congress appropriated nearly Schools Dependent on the Federal Government. The annual appropriation for the Columbia Institution for the Deaf amounted to $76,000, and the appropriation for Howard University to $101,000. These institutions are under the general supervision of the Secretary of the Interior. The lump appropriation for the Military Academy at West Point amounted to $998,000; for the Naval Academy at Annapolis the amount separately reported was $575,000. There are expenditures connected with both these institutions which are comprised under other headings. In addition to the two superior institutions, the service schools for the Army include those at posts and garrisons and other selected points, also Army service schools at Fort Leavenworth and the Army War College at Washington; the system of education for enlisted men in the Navy established by order of the Secretary of the Navy on Dec. 16, 1913, has been maintained. (See also XII, Military and Naval.) Education of Dependent Peoples.The Federal Government is directly responsible for the education of the natives of Alaska, the schools for this purpose being under the control of the Bureau of Education. They number 70, scattered over an enormous area, with an enrollment of 3,650 pupils and a force of 97 teachers, six super |