through the governors of the states. A governor can refuse to obey as the governors of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Vermont did in 1812, 1813 and 1814'—and no means exist to coerce him. The militia may refuse to answer a call not transmitted through their governor. In that event it is subject to trial by courts-martial, but no court has been granted jurisdiction over such cases and no punishment prescribed.

5. The states retain the right to impose such terms and conditions of enlistment as they see fit. Militia, when offered for the service of the United States, must be accepted, but it cannot be retained beyond the term of enlistment. The Federal government may consequently have forced upon it large numbers of shorttermed troops, instead of being able to depend upon men enlisted "for the war."

6. The Dick Bill requires the organization, armament and discipline of the militia to be the same as that of the Regular Army. On the other hand, the acceptance of the militia is in nowise dependent upon their complying with this obligation, and no penalty is imposed for failure to come up to the required standard.

7. The law directs that, where any state has adopted the medical standard of the Army, its militia shall be mustered into the United States' service without further medical examination. The mere fact that a physical standard has been adopted does not insure its enforcement, nor is there anything in the law to compel such enforcement.2

These faults should be remedied without delay if an efficient military force is to be secured. It is therefore to be hoped that the bill introduced by Senator Warren on December 13, 1909, may become a law and thus cure these defects once for all.3

'Reprint of Mr. Huidekoper's article, "Is the United States prepared for War?" p. 35 and 36. Also opinion delivered by Theophilus Parsons, Samuel Sewall, and Isaac Parker, three judges of the Massachusetts Supreme Court; American State Papers, I, p. 324; Hart, Formation of the Union, p. 215; Upton, The Military Policy of the United States, p. 97; Ingersoll, Second War, vol. II. pp. 26, 27, and 133. It was not until 1827 that the question was finally adjudicated in the case of Martin vs. Mott, when the Supreme Court of the United States decided that it was reserved to the President alone to judge when the exigency arises in which he has the constitutional right to call out the Militia, and that his decision is binding. Vide Kent's Commentaries, vol. I, p. 279.

2 Vide also General Wood's report as Chief of Staff, pp. 23 and 24.

3 Senate bill number 4003, Sixty-first Congress, Second Session. This bill is given in full in General Wood's report, pp. 17 to 23.

WHAT SOME OTHER NATIONS HAVE ACCOMPLISHED UNDER CONDITIONS SIMILAR TO OUR OWN.

Any country which relies mainly upon its citizen-soldiery needs some systematic method of partial military training arranged not to conflict with business, and some assurance that it can depend in time of war upon the men whom it has trained for that especial purpose. Great Britain, Sweden, Norway, and Switzerland are confronted with conditions similar to our own;' but the manner in which they carefully utilize the soldiers they have trained is in marked contrast to our policy, and one which we might adopt with profit. Our sister republic can teach us a lesson worth learning. In three days Switzerland can mobilize 200,000 perfectly equipped fighting men, most of whom are fair shots and all of whom are accustomed to using the army rifle. At the end of three days these four army corps are ready in every particular of organzation, equipment and transport to march against an enemy. In addition to this force, she can form a reserve of 300,000 men, part of whom have served their time with the active army and 50,000 of whom are always armed. Could the United States concentrate in one place 30,000 of our regulars with all their baggage and transport, or four such commands of regulars and militia in three days? In 1908 Switzerland had about 3,559,000 inhabitants;3 in 1910 the United States had more than 92,000,000.4 In 1910 Switzerland spent approximately $8,099,765 for her military establishment;5 in 1909-1910 the American military establishment cost $101,262,069.6

'Vide the Statesman's Year Book for 1910, pp. 50 to 54 (Great Britain); pp. 1238 and 1239 (Sweden); p. 1067 (Norway); and pp. 1256 and 1257 (Switzerland). Also Hazell's Annual for 1911, pp. 198 to 206 (Great Britain); p. 297 (Sweden); p. 277 (Norway); and pp. 298 and 299 (Switzerland).

"These facts are taken from an article entitled "The Swiss Military Organization," by Captain T. Bentley Mott, U. S. Army (now Major Mott, the American military attaché in Paris), and will be found in the Journal of the Military Service Institution for March-April, 1906, p. 243, and for May-June, 1906, p.458. 3Statesman's Year Book for 1910, p. 1251.

4 Census of 1910.

5Statesman's Year Book for 1910, p. 1255, gives the war budget estimates for 1910 as 40,498,828 francs. Hazell's Annual for 1911-which appeared subsequently—states on p. 299 that "The army budget in 1910 was £1,646,400.” "Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury transmitting Estimates of Appropriations required for the service of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1911 (Sixty-first Congress, 2d Session, Document 177), p. 550.

WHAT OUR PREVIOUS WARS HAVE COST.

Never in our history have we been thoroughly prepared for war.' A good business man cannot be made in a day or a month; neither can a good soldier. To employ untrained material is always dangerous and very expensive.3 In the Revolution we used 231,771 regulars and 164,087 militia and volunteers against England's 150,605; yet it cost us $370,000,000 and $70,000,000 in pensions.

8

In the War of 1812 we had 56,032 regulars and 471,622 militia? against the English and Canadian forces of only about 55,000 men. 10 That war cost us $82,627,009'' and $45,808,676 in pensions.

14

12

In the Mexican War 31,024 regulars13 and 73,532 militia1 were required to conquer about 46,000 Mexicans, 15 at a cost of $88,500,208,16 and the pensions have amounted to $43,956,768.17

'This fact is thoroughly shown in General Upton's "The Military Policy of the United States," and by Mr. Huidekoper's article, "Is the United States prepared for War?"

2President (then Secretary of War) Taft, in his introduction to Mr. Huidekoper's article, "Is the United States prepared for War?" emphasizes that "It is a fact, whether the American citizens realizę it or not, that time is indispensable to the making of good soldiers. Our own sad experience proves this proposition."

3 General Upton, Mr. Huidekoper's article, and especially the table contained on page 16, of the reprint, from which many of the figures used below are taken.

4General Upton, "The Military Policy of the United States," p. 58.

5 Returns and estimates of the Secretary of War; American State Papers, vol. I, pp. 14 to 19.

"Original returns in the British Record Office, quoted by H. B. Carrington, "Battles of the American Revolution," pp. 93, 301, 321, 462, 483, 502, and 646. 7Upton, p. 66; Ingersoll, "The Second War," vol. I, p. 14. Report of the Commissioner of Pensions for 1910, p. 11.

9 Records of the Adjutant General's Office. Also Upton, p. 137. 1oBrannan's Letters and Gleig's British Campaigns, quoted by Upton, p. 138. To the above number must be added 1,810 militia and 9,825 Indians. ''Annual report of the Secretary of the Treasury for the fiscal year ending

June 30, 1910, p. 110. Also Upton, p. 141.

12 Annual report of the Commissioner of Pensions for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910, p. 11.

13 Upton, p. 221.

14Upton, p. 216.

15 Alphabetical List of Battles, 1754-1900, pp. 236–237. Compiled from official records by Newton A. Strait.

16 Annual report of the Secretary of the Treasury for 1910, p. III. 17 Annual report of the Commissioner of Pensions for 1910, p. 11.

In the Civil War the United States employed no less than 67,000 regulars' and 2,605,341 militia and volunteers to defeat about 1,000,000 Confederates.3 The war cost the fabulous sum of $5,371,079,748,4 and $3,837,488,171 have already been paid in pensions, and we are a long way from the end yet.

5

8

The Spanish-American War compelled us to use 58,688 regulars and 223,235 militia or volunteers' to subdue 200,000 Spaniards, at a cost of $321,833,254; while 76,416 regulars and 50,052 volunteers were used in the Philippines, at a cost of $171,326,572," and $30,191,725 have already been paid in pensions for them both.12 How many Americans have any conception of the outrageous

'Phisterer, Statistical Record of the Armies of the United States (Campaigns of the Civil War Series), p. 11.

2Official Records in the Office of the Military Secretary; Memorandum relative to the probable number of and ages of Army and Navy survivors of the Civil War, p. 4 (published by the Military Secretary's office, May 15, 1905); Reply of the Military Secretary (Gen. Ainsworth), dated August 28, 1905, to Mr. Huidekoper's letter of inquiry. The total number of soldiers, both regular and volunteer, was 2,672,341.

3Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. IV, p. 768. The numbers employed by the Confederacy have been variously estimated from 700,000 to 1,500,000. Livermore, “Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America,” p. 63, reckons the numbers between 1,227,890 and 1,406, 180. These calculations are at best conjectural since, as the Military Secretary wrote, on August 28, 1905, to Mr. Huidekoper: "No compilation has ever been prepared by this [the War] Department from which even an approximately accurate statement can be made concerning the number of troops in the Confederate Army, and it is impracticable to make such a compilation because of the incompleteness of the collection of Confederate records in possession of the Department."

4Senate Executive Document number 206, Forty-sixth Congress, Second Session. Letter of Hon. John Sherman, Secretary of the Treasury, dated June 10, 1880, transmitting a statement of the "Expenditures necessarily growing out of the War of the Rebellion, July 1, 1861, to June 30, 1879," a total of not less than $6,189,929,908.58.

5 Report of the Commissioner of Pensions for 1910, p. 11.

"Report of the Adjutant General, dated November 1, 1898, in the report of the Secretary of War for 1898, pp. 145, 147 and 260.

7Statistical Exhibit of the Strength of the Volunteer forces called into service during the War with Spain, issued by the Adjutant General on December 13, 1899. Also Strait, pp. 208-209.

International Year Book for 1898, p. 722; Henry Cabot Lodge, "History of the War with Spain," p. 18.

9Report of the Secretary of the Treasury for 1910, p. 112. 1oReport of the Adjutant General, dated November 1, 1898.

"From May, 1898, to April, 1902, both inclusive, according to the statement sent to the Senate by the Secretary of War on June 19, 1902.

12 Report of the Commissioner of Pensions for 1910, p. 11.

extravagance in men and money that has characterized our past wars? How long would any properly-run corporation or company tolerate any such mismanagement?

I

2

PENSIONS.

The last Congress was supposed to be an "economy Congress,' yet a bill passed the House to increase the pension list by more than $44,000,000 a year. According to the last report of the Commissioner of Pensions, the pensions for 1910 amounted to $159,974,056.08. If more than $44,000,000 be added to this, our pensions will then be over $204,000,000 per annum. This is $4,000,000 more than it cost to maintain the German army in 1910.3

Since 1791 our War Department has cost $6,845,129,239 and our pensions no less than $4,115,829,223.4 The size of our present pension list is a disgrace to any civilized nation, and this condition of affairs will probably continue until the name of every pensioner is published once a month in the local newspaper of the city, town or village where he lives. Public opinion will do the rest.

'House of Representatives bill number 29,346, which passed the House on January 10, 1911. Vide the Congressional Record for January 10, 1911, pp. 743 to 752.

2For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910.

3 According to Hazell's Annual for 1911, page 254, the German War Budget for 1910 was as follows:

The Statesman's Year Book for 1910, p. 836, gives the estimates for the German army for the year ending March 31, 1911, as 709,847,000 marks ($177,461,750), a sum less than was spent. Hazell's Annual says (p. 254) the German Army "Budget establishment is 25,722 officers, 85,259 non-commissioned officers, 504,446 men, and 7,082 medical, veterinary, pay and other officers and men."

4Total of the appropriations set forth in full by years in the report of the Secretary of the Treasury for 1910, pp. 110, 111 and 112.