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object, it would seem, is to focus attention on the question of the future relations of the United States to "non-contiguous territory and to populations alien in race and in institutions" (page 28). He calls vigorously for an abandonment of our "drifting course," as he terms it, and for the formulation of a definite policy toward our insular and continental neighbors to the southward, which will enable us to "maintain some control of our ship of state." He is disposed to believe that the lands and peoples of the regions concerned must yield inevitably to the superior civilization of this country. He scorns the "representatives of the people in Washington who are ignorant of the fact" that "the rabidly anti-American among Latin-American politicians make what capital they can "out of our seizure of the Panama Canal Zone, and, unacquainted with the conditions by which the Administration was confronted, assist them in their purpose of vilifying our country by their sophomoric effusions" (page 222). Still more contemptuous must be his opinion of Americans who assert their freshman notions that Colombia somehow did not get a "square deal" from the wielder of the "big stick." If mere international morality can be set aside by apt illustrations of occasional rascality among the dwellers round about the inland sea, and if the direction of the pathway of national progress, over which the eagle should prepare to wing his flight, can only be made clear, the writing of The American Mediterranean will not have been in vain.

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The relation of the French Revolution to the development of thought and institutions in the Latin-American countries has frequently occupied the attention of publicists and men of letters in the southern republics; but so far their writings on the subject have taken the form of essays rather than of systematic treatises. Accordingly the appearance of La Révolution française et l'Amérique du Sud (Paris, Bernard Grasset, 1912; 412 pp.), by Luis Alberto de Herrera, translated from the Spanish original by Sebastian G. Etchebarne, might justify the hope that some authoritative interpretation of the revolutionary movement, in its application to the Latin states of the new world, had become available. An examination of the present work, however, reveals no careful study of historical data, such as would serve to make the relationship clear. Instead, the method of treatment suggests a certain amount of philosophizing about the political and social evolution of France, more or less in connection with the vicissitudes through which the republics in South America have passed. The book has some value in accentuating the demand for a really scientific discussion of an interesting theme. In all other respects it is simply an additional

contribution of the school of Latin-Americans, largely resident in Paris, who strive to aid the propaganda which France is promoting in behalf of its intellectual domination among the countries of Hispanic stock. The "discovery of Latin America," now being carried on so actively, is not confined altogether to the people who had no immediate share in its colonization. La República del Paraguay (Madrid, Victoriano Suarez, 1911; 276 pp.) and La República Argentina (Madrid, Victoriano Suarez, 1912; xii, 488 pp.), by Adolfo Posada, the distinguished publicist of the University of Madrid, afford capital examples of the intellectual interest that Spain also is taking in her former dominions. While it was not a difficult task, perhaps, to contrast the rich, progressive and powerful Argentine Republic with the poor, backward and feeble Paraguay, the author has described the two countries from so many enlightening points of view that the individuality of each is made apparent without undue emphasis upon the superiority of the one or the inferiority of the other. In some measure a record of a traveler's observations, the subject-matter is quite exhaustive in its scope and unusually reasonable in its treatment. The multiple phases of the civilization developing in the two states are examined with the discernment of the judicious scholar and the kindliness of the amiable visitor. Like his famous predecessor, Rafael Altamira, who served as an educational Columbus on behalf of the mother country, so now Professor Posada, following in his wake, contributes a number of "impressions and commentaries" that are of great value to those who would learn what Spain of the present time thinks of two of her descendants and their varied fortunes.

In La synthèse en histoire, essai critique et théorique (Paris, Félix Alcan, 1911; xvi, 272 pp.), M. Henri Berr, the learned director of the Revue de synthèse historique, has undertaken to review the more recent controversies which have been waged, in his own journal and elsewhere, over the fundamental problems of historical method. The survey is admittedly incomplete, since German theories are expressly reserved for discussion in a later volume; and since English and American contributions receive practically no attention, it may be that a third volume is projected for the Anglo-Saxons. It occasions no little surprise that schools of historical thought should be defined by geographical frontiers, and much of what M. Berr works out for southern Europe will be accepted as equally valid for the United States. The reader learns from a wealth of erudite references to continental treatises and essays that serious debates on historical method are at present confined in France to a small number of problems. It appears

that historical method depends in future upon the outcome-probably a compromise of the contemporaneous conflict between two kinds of philosophical and sociological speculation. On the one hand are the intuitionists, such as Croce and Bergson, who practically would have the historian adopt the methods of æsthetics. On the other hand are the sociologists who follow Durkheim and emphasize the dependence of the individual upon the social consciousness, maintaining that history, if it is to be worth while, should painstakingly investigate the institutions and the phenomena of social life, with the ultimate object of exploring and classifying the "collective mind."

The Essentials of International Public Law (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1912; xlviii, 558 pp.), by Dr. Amos S. Hershey, professor of political science and international law in Indiana University, is designed, primarily, to furnish the teacher and student with "an up-to-date text adapted to the needs of the classroom." To this end the author has confined himself to what he regards as the essentials of his subject, relegating "minor and controversial details" to the footnotes. Judgments no doubt would differ as to what is major or minor, and as to what is controversial or non-controversial; but the volume is well supplied with bibliographical information, with the aid of which the reader may pursue his studies into wider fields. Pursuing the latest developments, the author deals with questions both of "Aërial Space" and "Aerial Warfare," and furnishes bibliographical references for each of the topics.

War and its Alleged Benefits (New York, Henry Holt and Company, 1911; vi, 130 pp.), written by S. Novicow, vice-president of the International Institute of Sociology, and translated by Thomas Seltyer, treats of war in its various aspects, and maintains that, whether viewed as an end or as a means, it is an evil, on physiological, economic, political, intellectual and moral grounds. The author's own attitude towards it is indicated by his describing it as "collective murder." Not the least important of his chapters is that on the "psychology of war," in which he argues that if we could dispel the illusion that our neighbor is always the aggressor, and make the masses understand that "we violate the rights of others, just as others violate our rights," no one would go to battle. There is much truth in this proposition, but perhaps the most difficult thing in the world is to make people, in the mass or individually, believe that an adversary is in the right. It would be much easier to do this if it were always the case that, as the author affirms, "the people hate war." It is by no means clear that this is invariably so. On the whole it may be said that the author's argument is clear, compact and suggestive.

Giorgio del Vecchio's book entitled Il Fenomeno della guerra l'idea della pace, noted in this Quarterly last September (volume xxvii, page 560) has been translated into Dutch (Harlem, Ervin F. Bohn, 1911; 46 pp.). C. R. C. Herckenrath is the translator.

To the rapidly growing lists of books upon the social aspects of religion Professor Maurice Vernes, of the École des Hautes Études at Paris, has contributed a valuable historical synthesis, Histoire sociale des religions (Paris, V. Giard, 1911; 535 pp.). The author deals successively with Judaism, Paganism, Christianity, Islam, Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. The book is written in a style for general readers and with a somewhat obvious attempt at impartiality; but one who is in search of facts upon which to base his own conclusions will find the author's statements rather wordy and will miss definite references to original sources.

Professor James Quayle Dealey of Brown University has prepared a monograph upon The Family in its Sociological Aspects (Boston, Houghton, Mifflin Company, 1912; iv, 137 pp.), which will be read by others than students of sociology. The author is progressive in his attitude toward divorce, and outspoken, and those who are disquieted by the apparent disruption of the family to-day will find here suggestions that may serve as an antidote to their fears. It is to be regretted, however, that the historical sections leading up to this enlightened survey are rather deductively conceived than worked out from the data of comparative anthropology. Dr. Dealey proceeds from the evolutionary premises to present a clean-cut evolutionary survey, and, whether from limitations of space or point of view, gives his reader the impression of one universal process for all mankind, from brute life with seasonal relationships through a growing male tyranny to civilized social formations. A sort of purposive thread links it together; priests invent taboos etc. This part of the book naturally stands in the way of the clarified treatment of modern problems, which is, we imagine, what Dr. Dealey has most at heart. Clarity in a complicated subject is a merit in a teacher but may mislead a scholar by the elimination of difficulties. But one must always reckon with the limitations of space in a monograph.

By compiling and publishing his Social Psychology: An Analytical Reference Syllabus (Nebraska University Press, 1910; 88 pp.), Professor George E. Howard has rendered a distinct service both to students of psychology and to students of sociology. The literature of social psychology is probably more scattered and less well organized than that of any other subject of equal importance; and any intelligent

effort to index it in a systematic fashion, even if made with less discrimination than Professor Howard's pamphlet evinces, would be welcome. In addition to a select bibliography, alphabetically arranged, it gives topical references under the three main heads of "Characteristics of Social Psychology," "Suggestibility and Imitation," " Opposition or Counter-Imitation." These rubrics suffice to show that the subject is viewed from the standpoint of a sociologist rather than of a psychologist, but the twenty sub-headings are detailed enough to make the syllabus and annotated bibliography available for students who approach the subject on very different sides.

M. A. Alhaiza is at least an admirer if not a devotee of Fourier's, and his pamphlet, entitled Charles Fourier et sa sociologie sociétaire (Paris, M. Rivière et Cie, 1911; 77 pp.), gives a concise story of Fourier's life and describes the first disciples and the early attempts to establish the coöperative colonies of which the French reformer dreamed. It reviews Fourier's books and describes his system and the application and offshoots of the system. The last chapter outlines the history of "L'École Sociétaire" since Fourier's day, and is followed by a bibliography and several tables of historical interest. The pamphlet is written from the inside rather than from the outside; it coördinates the New York Tribune of Horace Greeley and the London Phalanx as the foreign periodicals devoted to Fourierism. Its enthusiastic tone makes it easy to read.

According to the writers who have collaborated in producing The Foundations of Freedom: the Land and the People (Middletown, John Bagot, 1912; 158 pp.), Henry George's past honors are insignificant compared with those yet in store for him. "Progress and Poverty,' we are assured in the introduction, is soon to "take its place alongside the Good Old Book, of which it is the counterpart." To glorify George seems indeed to be the main object of the volume. It is a collection of short essays by ardent single-taxers of various countries, most of them worshipers of long standing. Except for some interesting biographical material, there is little that is new in the book. Its general character is, of course, propagandist rather than scientific.

The socialist movement in this country is undoubtedly regarded with easy tolerance. Socialistic criticism of the existing order and socialistic promises for the future are, for the most part, allowed to pass unchallenged. In Political Socialism: Would it Fail in Success? (Cherokee, Iowa, J. S. Crawford, 1912; 110 pp.), J. S. Crawford attacks the socialistic movement from every possible angle. He challenges socialistic criticism when, for example, against the charge that prostitution

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