self-imposed starvation tactics. The alleged harsh treatment of suffragist prisoners and the failure of the government to enact suffrage legislation elicited a formal decision from the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies to work against the Liberal candidates in future parliamentary elections and to coöperate with pro-suffrage Laborites.--In spite of the deleterious influence of the Balkan War, industrial conditions were generally prosperous. After eleven weeks a peaceful strike of the London motorcab drivers resulted in complete victory for the men. By an agreement adopted in October by the Coal Conciliation Board for the federated districts of England and North Wales, 400,000 colliery workers were to receive a wage increase of is per week. In April the South Wales miners decided to call strikes on April 30 at all collieries where non-unionists were still employed. Threatened strikes of the London bakers and of the employees of the Midland and Northeastern railways were averted by timely concessions.-Sir Henry Jackson was appointed chief of the war staff in November. In December Prince Louis of Battenberg succeeded Sir Francis Budgeman as first sea lord. The Rt. Hon. Ignatius J. O'Brien was appointed lord chancellor of Ireland.-A "secret" land inquiry, conducted by Mr. Lloyd George, evoked protests from Unionist landowners, but its object, the investigation of agrarian abuses, won applause from the advocates of social reform. In the March elections in London the Municipal Reformers obtained a majority on the county council.

CANADA.—With the opening of the Dominion Parliament on November 21, the naval question (see last RECORD, p. 756) became a hotly contested issue. Mr. Monk gave up the portfolio of public works because he could not support the ministerial resolution in favor of the donation of three battleships to the imperial navy at a cost of $35,000,000. The vacancy in the cabinet was filled by Mr. Louis Coderre, and a readjustment was made by which Mr. Coderre became secretary of state, Mr. Roche secretary of the interior and Mr. Rogers secretary of public works. Upon the failure of Sir Wilfred Laurier's amendment for a Canadian navy, the Liberals adopted obstructionist tactics; in consequence, it was found necessary to postpone the naval discussion while a makeshift supply bill was passed for running expenses; and then, on April 9, the first Canadian closure resolution was introduced by the government.-In November, Messrs. Curry, Ross, Gerrow, Mackay and Dennis were appointed senators from Nova Scotia and Dr. McMurphy senator from Prince Edward Island.-Canadian shipping interests received considerable attention. On May 1, Canadian steamers were given a monopoly of the mail service between Canada and Great Britain. In November a large floating dry-dock was launched at Montreal. In February the minister of marine announced that a system of subventions was contemplated to encourage shipbuilding. British Columbia passed a regulation for fishing licenses, intended to lessen the participation of the Japanese in the fishing industry. Several attempts were made by private and public agencies to increase the immigration of British labor into

Canada.-On New Year's Day was celebrated the completion of the Transcontinental railway, by which wheat may be shipped direct from Saskatchewan to Port Colborne. Contracts were placed for nine additional government wireless stations on the Great Lakes.

AUSTRALIA.—In the Commonwealth Parliament a Monopolies Bill was passed, giving the government power to create and regulate monopolies in any industry. A bill was passed for better medical examination of immigrants. The coinage was put on a new copper-nickel basis, and £10,000,ooo of paper was issued. The Commonwealth Bank opened its head office at Sydney on January 20. The new leader of the opposition, Mr. Joseph Cook, continued to attack the ministerial proposals for the initiative and referendum and for tariff revision along protectionist lines. Plans for the Australian fleet unit included the construction within three years of a battleship, three destroyers and two submarines. The universal military training requirements had brought in 178,000 registrations by December 31, but many infractions of the law were noticed. On March 12 Lord Demman laid the first stone of the new Federal capital of Australia at Canberra.The intention of the New South Wales government to discontinue the use of the government house at Sydney as a vice-regal residence was thwarted by a judicial decision. Important steps were taken for the development of industry. Irrigated farms were opened in the Murrumbidgee valley; a new government railway opened up a large dairy country on the Manning river; the state Parliament approved a grant of £2,000,000 to further the iron industry at Newcastle; and the Commonwealth ministry determined to build railways into the now comparatively unoccupied Northern Territory. Sir Gerald Strickland succeeded Lord Chelmsford as governor of New South Wales in March and was replaced as governor of West Australia by Sir Harry Barron, whose former post as governor of Tasmania was transferred to Mr. William Macartney.

NEW ZEALAND.-The compulsory military service required by the Defence Bill and plans for the organization of a volunteer expeditionary force gave evidence of New Zealand's intention to share the military burden of the mother country.-The Waihi strike, after a duration of 29 weeks and a loss of $700,000 in wages, finally ended in the complete defeat of the anti-arbitration federation on December 6. The government's stand against the strikers caused the Labor Conference to pledge itself to wreck Mr. Massey's government.

SOUTH AFRICA. The opposition of General Hertzog, minister of native affairs, to the imperialistic propaganda of the South African Unionist Congress re-opened the racial question in South Africa and so interfered with ministerial harmony that the Botha cabinet resigned on December 15. The refusal of a large section of the Nationalist party to support General Hertzog enabled General Botha to reconstitute his cabinet, omitting General Hertzog and Colonel Leuchars. The ministry then introduced in the House of Assembly proposals for contribution to the imperial navy.

De

ferred rebates were abolished by the adoption in April of new freight and mail contracts with shipping lines.

INDIA. The wounding of the viceroy, Lord Hardinge, by a bomb, thrown on the occasion of his state entry at Delhi on December 23, served to discredit the radical Nationalist and pan-Indian agitation; and a Conspiracy Bill was promptly introduced in the Legislative Council. In the general provincial elections the Bengal Nationalists were overwhelmingly defeated by the hitherto inconspicuous Moderates.-The educational program made public in February called for extension of the higher educational institutions and the doubling of the 91,000 existing primary schools with their 4,500,000 pupils. Grants from an anticipated budget surplus of £7,500,000 were promised for the furtherance of education, urban sanitation, and provincial administration. A bill was presented to the Legislative Council for the suppression of temple prostitution.

OTHER DEPENDENCIES.—The Chartered Company of Rhodesia was authorized to increase its Legislative Council to twelve elected and eight nominated members.-The Federated Malay States' Council proposed to donate a ship to the imperial navy.—Chinese dealers in Hongkong declared a boycott of English manufacturers.-The governor of Malta refused to make any concession to the irreconcilables who refused to sit in the Council of Government. The annual military contribution of £5000 was discontinued, pending the improvement of local finances.- Mr. Davidson, the new governor of Newfoundland, in opening the legislature declared for participation in imperial naval defence and removal of the duties on tea, sugar and salted meats.-On January 1 Sir Frederik Lugard was received with remarkable ceremonies by emirs and notables of Nigeria and, after carefully investigating the prisons at Kano, pronounced himself delighted with the improvement of Nigerian conditions.

V. CONTINENTAL EUROPE

FRANCE.-M. Armand Fallières' term of office as president of the republic expired in January. On the seventeenth of that month, the Chamber and Senate, in joint session assembled, elected as his successor M. Raymond Poincaré, who resigned the headship of the ministry in order to assume the presidency. The new cabinet formed by M. Briand took up the Electoral Reform Bill (see last RECORD, p. 759) which had been passed by the Chamber and referred to a Senate commission over which the "cabinet-breaker" M. Clémenceau presided. Inspired by the fear that the representation of minorities would strengthen the clerical party M. Clémenceau and M. Combes attacked the bill and secured its rejection by the Senate. The resulting deadlock between the two houses caused the downfall of the Briand ministry in February. M. Barthou succeeded in forming a new ministry in which eight members of the previous cabinet were retained, M. Klotz taking the department of the interior, M. Ratier justice, M. Dumont finance, M. Baudin marine, M. Étienne war, M.

Pichon foreign affairs, M. Jean Morel colonies, M. Chéron labor, M. Massé posts and M. Clémentel agriculture. M. Barthou promised to attempt a reconciliation of the two houses through a compromise on the electoral reform question. For the time being, attention was distracted from the dissension by the government's vigorous defence policy. Appropriations of $14,000,000 and $84,000,000 were made for immediate use in increasing the garrisons on the eastern frontier and improving the equipment of the army. The most important measure, however, was the provision in clause 12 of the Army Bill for a return to the three-year term of military service without exemptions, which was approved on April 16 by the army commission of the Chamber. After securing final approval on April 5 for the old budget, pending since May 1912, the government announced its intention to introduce a budget for 1913-14 in which ample provision would be made for national defence.-Serious discontent with the militaristic policy of the government was manifested in a twenty-four-hour general strike and in the monster mass-meeting held outside the confines of Paris under the auspices of the Confédération Générale du Travail. M. Lecein, secretary of the Anarchist League, was imprisoned for a threatening speech against mobilization, and nineteen syndicalists were fined and imprisoned for sending anti-militaristic pamphlets to soldiers.

GERMANY.-The discontent aroused by the government's unwillingness to give adequate consideration to the suffering caused by high prices, even after the Reichstag had appointed a special commission to investigate the high cost of living, was increased by new and extremely burdensome military proposals. Opposition manifested itself also on the matter of the exclusion of the Jesuits and the policy pursued by the Prussian administration in Poland. The outburst of Polish patriotism in January in connection with the commemoration of the revolt of 1863 called attention to the oppression of the Poles in Prussia and elicited from the Reichstag a resolution objecting to the dispossession of Polish landowners under Prussian land laws. The conflict between the Center and the government had been reopened by action taken by the Bundesrat, at the end of November, against the attempt of the Bavarian government to construe Bismarck's Jesuit Law in a lenient manner. The clericals in the Reichstag retaliated by formulating a resolution, passed on February 19, repealing the Jesuit Law of 1872. Without the approval of the Bundesrat this resolution was of course ineffective: it was important only as indicating combined opposition to the government on the part of Centrists, Poles and Social-Democrats.-Militarism, strongly stimulated by the Balkan situation, gave vociferous support to the Army Bill published late in March. Fortifications and an increase of the peace footing of the army from 544,211 to 661, 176 necessitated an estimated extraordinary expenditure of $262,500,000 for the following year, besides a recurring expenditure of $45,000,000 over and above the regular appropriation (see last RECORD, p. 760). According to the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, the extraordinary expenditure was to be

covered by a non-recurring levy on property, one-half of one per cent on all estates greater than $2coo and two per cent on incomes exceeding $10,000 a year, and the increase in ordinary expenditure was to be met by a property-increment tax, an inheritance tax and increased matricular contributions from the states of the empire.-A bill for uniform electoral laws throughout the empire was directed against the Prussian three-class system and was consequently condemned vigorously by the Conservative party conference in March. In consequence of the sudden death of Herr von Kiderlen-Wächter, the imperial secretaryship of foreign affairs, was entrusted, late in December, to Herr von Jagow, ambassador at Rome. -The death of Freiherr von Erffa necessitated the election of a president for the Prussian Chamber of Deputies. Count von Schwerin-Löwitz was chosen. Upon the death in December of the nonagenarian Prince Regent Luitpold of Bavaria, it was suggested that the popular Prince Ludwig be made king. In accordance with his own desire, however, the prince was made regent. He inaugurated his administration by replacing the privy chancellorship by a civil and a military cabinet.-As a result of their failure to coöperate in the elections for the Württemberg Landtag, the parties of the Left lost their hegemony and the new legislature was evenly divided between the "blue-black" (Conservative-Clerical) block and the Progressive-Liberal-Socialist groups. -In Saxony a Public School Bill was defeated in the lower Chamber on the question of religious instruction.— As a protest against the strained relations along the Franco-German border (see supra, p. 352), the Alsatian Progressive, Center and Social Democratic parties called a public meeting in March to recommend to the Parliament of the Reichsland a pacific policy.

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.-The burden of military preparations and unrest among the subordinate peoples of the joint monarchy were reflected in uneasy political conditions during the winter. The estimated cost of mobilization had reached almost $90,000, coo by January and must have been doubled by May. To cover this expense it was proposed to levy a new graduated income tax.-The Austrian Reichsrath was concerned mainly with provision for the extraordinary demands of the new war minister, General Krobatkin, a member of the extreme military party. According to the Wiener Zeit, the government was contemplating in the new Army Bill an increase of the peace footing by 50,000 men.--In response to the longstanding agitation for franchise reform in Hungary, the Lukacs cabinet prepared and put through a so-called Franchise Reform Bill. Residence and thirty-year age qualifications for working-class voters made the measure a mockery of the reform demanded by the opposition. After absenting itself regularly from the Chamber, the opposition appeared in March to protest against the passage of the government bill, and the session was in a turmoil until the police arrived. A general strike in favor of universal suffrage was delayed if not averted by the concentration of troops in Budapest.-State secretary M. Jankovics succeeded Count Zichy as Hungarian minister of public worship in February.