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In regard to these numbers it is to be observed that in the census of 1790, are not included the inhabitants of the Mississippi and Northwest Territories, estimated at about 12,000; and that between 1800 and 1810, Louisiana was acquired with about 50,000 inhabitants, and 39,000 Africans were brought into the country. The following statement shows the relative rate of increase of the whole population, and of each of the three classes, in the two periods from 1810 to 1820, and from 1820 to 1830.

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Totals...3,929,827 679,897 5,305,925 893,041 7,239,814 1,191,364 9,638,131 1,538,038 12,866,020 2,009,043

Ages, &c. of the different Classes of the Population.

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The whole number of Aborigines existing at present within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, is estimated at 333,464, of whom about 80,000 reside west of the Rocky Mountains, and the residue east of that region. Of the Indians residing east of the Rocky Mountains, 57,433 are east of the Mississippi river, of whom 48,918 are under treaty stipulations to remove westward of that stream, 45,690 have removed from the east to the west side of the Mississippi, and are settled in the Western or Indian territory, assigned to them by the government of the United States; and 143,750 are indigenous Indians, nowise under the control of our government: of these, the principal are the Sioux, Pawnees, Comanches, Mandans, Minatarees, Blackfeet, and Assiniboines. The most humane exertions have constantly been in operation, on the part of the general government, to preserve the race from extinction, by severe provisions to prevent their obtaining ardent spirits, and by unwearied efforts to train them to the arts and agriculture, and to impart to them the blessings of education and Christianity. Under the system adopted by the government, agents and sub-agents, interpreters and mechanics, are employed among the different Indian tribes, to carry these purposes into effect; and the President is authorized to cause the stores of the licensed traders to be searched, and if ardent spirits are found among the articles for sale, the whole goods are forfeited to the government.

The whole number of Indian schools established among them, partly by charitable associations of the different religious denominations, and partly by pecuniary aid from the government, is 51. The sum of 7840 dollars was allowed in 1836, by the government, for the maintenance of these schools. The whole number of Indian children receiving instruction in 1836, was 1381, including 156 scholars at the Choctaw Academy, in Kentucky, the expense of whose education is derived from funds set apart by the Indians themselves, under treaty stipulations for this specific object. In the whole number of scholars are included two students of law at the Choctaw Academy, also one at Buffalo, and one in Vermont.

The territory of the confederacy is at present divided into twenty-six States, two Territories, and one Federal District, which contains the seat of government. This does not include the extensive tract assigned to the Indians, called the Western Territory, the region west of the Missouri and north of the Platte, and that west of the Rocky Mountains, in which there is no white population, and which has received no political organization or official name. The States are divided for municipal purposes into small sections, styled counties, except in South Carolina, where they are called districts, and in Louisiana, where they are called parishes. In the States of New England, in New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan, the counties are subdivided into townships, often called towns, and in Delaware into hundreds.

THE EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES.

NEW ENGLAND comprises the six States situated east of the Hudson, viz., Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. The inhabitants are almost exclusively of unmixed English origin, and though never united as a political whole, they have at different periods been connected for their common interests. From the earliest settlement of their country, they have enjoyed peculiar advantages for literary and religious instruction, and, trained to habits of industry, economy, and enterprise, by the circumstances of their peculiar situation, as well as by the dangers of prolonged wars, they present traits of character which are considered as remarkable abroad as they are common at home.

The surface of the country is infinitely varied. In the interior, it is mountainous, with fertile valleys between. The land along the sea-shore presents in general an irregular surface, consisting of hills and ridges, with flats of moderate extent. The inland portions towards the mountains present an almost constant suc

cession of short hills and narrow valleys. There are no extensive plains throughout the whole of New England. Much of the soil is good, yet in general it requires diligent cultivation, and compels the farmer to use great industry to procure tolerable crops; and although it well repays the labour of the husbandman, it is on the whole less fruitful than many other parts of the United States. Most of the New England States are largely engaged in manufactures. The different establishments of various kinds are too numerous to specify. The cotton factories, in particular, employ a vast number of hands and a great amount of capital. A proof of the result of these great establishments may be found in the fact that twenty-five years ago the chief cottons of the United States were imported from India. New England now sends her manufactured cottons there, and finds the trade profitable. Since the manufacturing system has prevailed, this part of the Union has rapidly increased in population and business.

The New Englanders are extensively engaged in the Bank and whale fisheries. This pursuit employs many thousands of hands, furnishes one of the most important items in this section of the United States, and trains vast numbers of the most experienced and intrepid mariners in the world.

An active commerce is carried on from the ports of New England with all parts of the world; their ships spread their sails in every sea, and her lumber manufactures and the produce of her fisheries are extensively exported. Almost every village carries on some handicraft, and the farmer often employs the long winter evenings in some gainful task. Thus are produced many little objects which although in appearance of small value, yet in the aggregate constitute a source of considerable wealth to the community, and are produced to such an extent as almost to rival in value the products of the large manufacturing establish

ments.

From the first settlement of the country, the inhabitants of New England have been a religious people. The entire freedom of opinion enjoyed by them has led to a diversity of religious denominations. In almost every town and village are several places of public worship belonging to the different sects common in the country, among which are Congregationalists, Baptists, Episcopalians, Methodists, Unitarians, &c. It is disreputable for a man to have no religious belief, and there are few who do not give their support to some one mode of religious worship. The sabbath is strictly observed, and the people generally attend public worship twice during the day.

Education is more universal here than in any part of the world. It is exceedingly hard to find persons of mature age who have not been instructed in the common branches of school learning. Institutions of learning and education were established at an early period by the first settlers of New England, some of which at the present day are the most respectable and efficient in the Union. A large part of the distinguished men of the United States have been educated at Harvard and Yale colleges, and though there are many similar institutions in other States, still many students from the south and west are annually taught in the colleges of New England.

The population of New England has been gradually increasing. In 1700 it was about 120,000, and in 1755 was estimated at 345,000, not including the troops at that time in the provinces. Their amount in 1820 was 1,659,854; in 1830, 1,954,609, and is now probably above 2,300,000 souls.

STATE OF MAINE.

MAINE is the most northern and eastern of the United States. Previous to the year 1820, it formed a part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, at which period it was received into the Union as an independent State. Maine is in length from north to south about 216 miles, and from east to west 162; the area is differently estimated at from 32,000 to 35,000 square miles. On the sea-coast, the country is generally level; at some distance in the interior, hilly; and in the central parts of the State are many mountains of considerable elevation.

The principal rivers are the St. Johns, with its branches, the Allagash, Walloostook, and the Aroostook; with the Penobscot, Kennebeck, Androscoggin, Saco, Pleasant, Damariscotta, and Union rivers.

The sea-coast of Maine is remarkably indented with bays and inlets, which afford great facilities for navigation and commerce. The principal are Casco, Penobscot, Frenchman's, Englishman's, Machias, and Passamaquoddy bays.

The lakes are so numerous, that it is estimated one-sixth of the surface of the State consists of water, and indeed they form one of the characteristic features of the country. Some of them are remarkable for their picturesque beauties, and many of them will no doubt be useful mediums of communication when their vicinity is more populous. The most noted are Moosehead, Umbagog, Sebago, the Schoodic Lakes, and Lake Chesuncook.

The soil on the coast is various, and of but moderate fertility: in the interior, most of the land is more productive, and some of it, especially on the Kennebeck and Penobscot rivers, is fertile, and well adapted to agriculture and grazing. One of the most important productions of this State is white-pine timber, which is found chiefly on the Upper Kennebeck and Penobscot rivers, and also on the Allagash. As there is no other tract of country yielding this lumber to any considerable extent in the Atlantic States, the lands producing it have lately much advanced in price.

The value of the lumber cut and sawed annually is estimated at $10,000,000; the yearly amount of the wool grown, $2,000,000; and of lime manufactured in the State, $1,000,000. The total shipping belonging to the State amounts to 225,329 tons, and about 50,000 tons are annually built. The value of imports in the year 1835 was $883,389; of exports, $1,059,367, of which all but $14,416 was of domestic produce.

The constitution makes it the duty of the legislature to require the several towns to make suitable provision, at their own expense, for the support of public schools, and to encourage and suitably endow academies, colleges, and seminaries of learning. In pursuance of this provision, each town is required by law to raise annually a sum equal to forty cents for each inhabitant, which is distributed among the town schools in the ratio of the number of scholars in each. Further grants are also made by the State in aid of their support.

There are in the State 30 academies, a Baptist college at Waterville, a Congregationalist theological seminary in Bangor, a Wesleyan theological seminary at Readfield, and Bowdoin College, with a medical school, at Brunswick. The number of pupils in the common schools is about 15,000. The principal religious denominations are Baptists, Congregationalists, and Methodists; there are also Friends, Universalists, Roman Catholics, Episcopalians, &c.

All of the towns are in the southern part of the State, in which, indeed, nearly the whole of the population is concentrated. There are some settlements on the St. Johns, in the northern part, which is, however, at present under British juris diction, and through which there is a road leading from Frederickton, in New Brunswick, to the River St. Lawrence. The central part is almost wholly uninhabited, and covered with primitive forests, which are visited only by hunters and lumberers. A rail-road from the coast-section of this State to Quebec has been proposed. The most favourable route has been ascertained to be from Belfast; distance 277 miles, cost 5,000,000 dollars. Maine is divided into 10 counties. POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.

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Of the above population of 1830, were, white males, 200,687; white females, 197,591. Of which, 153 are deaf and dumb; 154 are blind; and foreigners, not naturalized, 3526. Of free coloured persons, there are, males, 600; females, 571: coloured deaf and dumb, 16; blind, 1.

The city of Portland is the largest and most important place in the State. It is beautifully situated on Casco Bay, is well laid out and handsomely built, and has a safe and capacious harbour, which is defended by two forts. Upwards of 40,000 tons of shipping belong to the port, and the duties collected exceed $180,000 a year. Here are six banks, sixteen churches, a court-house, theatre, an athenæum, with a public library; and the population, which in 1830 was 12,601, is now believed to exceed 16,000. The city of Bangor, the most important place on the Penobscot, has trebled its population since 1830: it is at present about 8000. From 300 millions to 400 million feet of lumber, are said to be annually exported from this place.

Augusta, the capital of the State, occupies both sides of the Kennebeck river, 50 miles from its mouth it contains a handsome State-House of granite, and an United States Arsenal. Below Augusta, are Hallowel, and Gardiner, both flourishing towns; and at the head of ship navigation, and about 15 miles from the sea is Bath, noted for its ship-building. From Thomaston is exported large quantities of lime, marble and granite. Some of the other principal towns in Maine, are Eastport, Machias, Calais, Orono, Belfast, Brunswick, Saco, and York.

STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.

THIS State is bounded on the north by Lower Canada; on the east, by Maine and the Atlantic Ocean; south by Massachusetts; and west by Vermont. It is in length, from north to south, about 160 miles; and from east to west, 70 is about the average breadth. It is, in area, 8,500 square miles. The sea-coast of this State, from Piscataqua Harbor to the south boundary, is but 18 miles in

extent.

The country on the coast is level: in the interior, the surface is greatly diversified by hills and valleys, and contains several mountains of considerable height; among which are the White Mountains, the most elevated of any in the New England States. The other considerable elevations are, Moosehillock, Monadnock, Kearsarge, Sunapee, Ossipee, &c.

The White Mountains are distinguished by the names of Washington, Franklin, Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and Pleasant. Mount Washington is 6,428 feet in height. They are covered with snow ten months in the year, and are often seen from a great distance at sea, and frequently before any intermediate |land, although they are at least 65 miles in the nearest direction from the coast. The wild and sublime character of their scenery, causes them to be annually visited by numerous travellers. The ascent to their summits is attended with considerable fatigue, but has been surmounted in a few instances by ladies. The view is rendered uncommonly grand and picturesque, by the magnitude of the elevation, the extent and variety of the surrounding scenery, and above all, by the huge and desolate piles of rocks extending to a great distance in every direction. In the western pass of these mountains, there is a remarkable gap called the Notch, which is esteemed one of the grandest natural curiosities in the United States. To an admirer of the wonders of nature, the passage through the Notch, and the views from the summit, afford a rich repast. Though inferior to the Andes or the Alps in elevation, yet they display the grandest mountain scenery, surpassing everything of the kind to be seen elsewhere in this country.

The principal Rivers of New England have their origin, either wholly or in part, in this State. These are, the Connecticut, Merrimack, Androscoggin, Saco, and Piscataqua. The other most considerable streams are, the Upper and Lower Amonoosuck, Sugar River, Ashuelot, Contoocook, Magallaway, and Nashua. The principal Lakes are the Winnipiseogee, Umbagog, Ossipee, Sunapee, Squam, and Newfound Lake.

The inhabitants of New Hampshire are principally engaged in agriculture: the chief products are Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, flax, &c. and horses and cattle, beef, pork, butter, cheese, &c. are largely exported. There are some large manufacturing establishments, chiefly in the southern part of the State.

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