In 1833, there were in New Hampshire 60 cotton, and 32 woollen mills, 609 grist-mills, 952 saw-mills, 19 oil-mills, 15 paper-mills, 234 fulling-mills, and 236 carding-mills. Manufactures are also carried on in families to a considerable extent, and some vessels are employed in the bank and shore fisheries; but many of the inhabitants leave the State every year in search of employment.

The mineral resources of New Hampshire are not great. Copper is found at Franconia, and iron is abundant in Lisbon and Franconia; plumbago or black lead also occurs in several places, particularly at Bristol. A fine-grained granite, which is quarried in many places, affords an excellent building material. The forest affords abundance of excellent timber, and the white pine sometimes attains the height of 200 feet, with a straight trunk six feet and upwards in diameter.

About eight miles from the coast are the Isles of Shoals, belonging partly to New Hampshire and partly to Maine. They lie between Portsmouth and Newburyport, and are hardly more than a cluster of rocks rising above the water. The inhabitants are about one hundred; they live solely by fishing, and in connexion with those of the shore in their immediate neighbourhood, who follow the same mode of life, are the most rude and uncivilized beings in New England, except the Indians. Efforts have recently been made to improve their condition, and they have now a meeting-house, school, &c.

Common schools are established by law throughout the State, and are supported in part by town taxes, in part by school lands or funds arising from the sale of them, and belonging to the towns, and in part also by the proceeds of certain State taxes; the number of school-houses in the State somewhat exceeds 1600; and there are 35 academies, attended by about 1600 pupils. Dartmouth college, in Hanover, is a well endowed institution, and affords instruction in the common branches taught in the New England colleges. The principal religious denominations are Congregationalists, Baptists, and Methodists, with some Friends, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and Roman Catholics.

POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.

Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 131,184; white Females, 137,537; deaf and dumb, 135; blind, 105; aliens, 410. Total, whites, 268,721.-Free colored, 602; deaf and dumb, 9.

Portsmouth, the only sea-port, and the largest town in the State, is pleasantly situated on the Piscataqua, three miles from the sea. It has one of the finest harbours in the world, affording 40 feet of water in the channel at low tide, and being easily accessible to vessels of the largest size, and completely landlocked. It is protected by several forts. The tides rise ten feet. The town stands on a peninsular elevation, sloping towards the harbour, and is well built. It contains seven churches, seven banking-houses, the county buildings, &c., and is well supplied with good water brought from the neighbourhood. Two wooden bridges have been built across the Piscataqua, one of which is 1750 feet long. There is here a navy-yard belonging to the United States, situated on Navy Island, on the east side of the river, and within the limits of Maine. The population of Portsmouth is 8082.

Concord, the capital of the State, on the west side of the Merrimack river, is handsomely built on two principal streets; has the State-House, and State Prison of granite, besides banks, churches, hotels, &c. ; population 3727. In the southeast part of the State, are several towns largely engaged in manufactures: these are, Dover, Somersworth, Newmarket, and Exeter, which, besides its mills and manufactures, contains Phillips's Academy, a well known and respectable Semi

nary.

These are all on navigable rivers, furnishing fine mill-seats and constant

communication with the sea. Nashua, near the south line of the State, contains several large cotton mills; its population in 1836 was 5065, having rather more than doubled it since 1830: Hanover, the seat of Dartmouth college, Haverhill and Lancaster, are towns of between 2000 and 3000 inhabitants; and Amherst and Keene are neat thriving towns between the Merrimack and Connecticut rivers.

STATE OF VERMONT.

VERMONT is bounded N. by Lower Canada; E. by New Hampshire; S. by Massachusetts; W. by New York; from which it is separated, in part, by Lake Champlain. It is 157 miles in length, from north to south; 90 miles in breadth on the northern, and 40 on the southern boundary; and contains an area of 10,212 square miles, or 6,535,680 acres.

The Green Mountains, from which the state derives its name, on account of the evergreens with which they are covered, occupy a large part of the State; and most of its surface is uneven. The range passes through its whole length, about half-way between Lake Champlain and the Connecticut river.

From these mountains, many streams take their rise: the most important are, Otter creek, Onion river, La Moile, and Missisque, which empty into Lake Champlain, on the west; the White, Pasumpsic, and West rivers, which flow into the Connecticut, on the east.

The scenery of this State is romantic, and beautiful; the air pure, and healthful; and the natives industrious, intelligent, and hospitable.

The soil is fertile; and all sorts of grain, suited to the climate, are produced in great abundance. Dark, rich, and loamy, it is admirably calculated to sustain drought; and affords the finest pasturage of any State in the Union. Wool is Cattle of various kinds are raised, with becoming an important product here. great facility; and nowhere is finer beef to be seen, than is fed on the rich white clover pastures of Vermont. The butter and cheese are universally known for their excellence.

Vermont is entirely in the interior; yet, by the system of internal improvement, the Champlain Canal, and the Lake, vessels and steam-boats have brought Part of the trade goes by canal to her territory in contiguity with the sea. Albany, and part down the Lake to Montreal: much of that which formerly went to Boston and Hartford, is now drawn by the Champlain Canal to New York. This canal has been of incalculable advantage to the State.

Iron occurs in great abundance, and is extensively wrought. Sulphuret of iron, or pyrites, is found at Strafford and Shrewsbury, from which three million pounds of copperas are annually manufactured, worth from 60,000 to 75,000 dollars. About 20 cotton-mills produce annually three and a half million yards of cloth, and 112,000 pounds of yarn. Domestic fabrics of linen and woollen are made in almost every family.

In 1836 the Constitution was amended by the establishment of two houses, styled the Senate and House of Representatives. The Legislative Houses, the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, and Executive Council, are chosen annually by the people. Each town has a right to send one Representative to the General Assembly. The Judges are chosen annually by that body. The Council of Censors is chosen once every seven years, for the term of one year, by popular vote. It is their duty to examine whether there have been any violations of the Constitution, and whether the Legislative and Executive branches have done their duty, and also to propose any alterations in the Constitution.

The towns are divided into school districts, each of which is required by law to support a school at least three months during the year. An annual tax is levied for their support, and the rent of the reserves of school land in each township, called here the school rights, is also distributed among the districts in proportion to the number of children in each, to aid in the same purpose. The number of the school districts is 1612. There are 30 academies and county grammar

schools, for the support of which similar reservations were made; and the University of Vermont, at Burlington, is endowed in the same way. Middlebury college has been founded by private funds. These institutions are attended by nearly 200 students, and there is a Medical School connected with the former. The most numerous religious denominations are, the Congregationalists, Baptists, and Methodists; and there are some Episcopalians, Christians, Universalists, and Roman Catholics.

Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 139,986; white Females, 139,790; deaf and dumb, 153; blind, 51; aliens, 3,364. Total, 279,776. -Coloured Males, 426; Females, 455. Total, 881.

The capital of the State is the little town of Montpelier, situated in a wild and rugged region, at the junction of the north and south branches of the Onion River. Here is a handsome State-House of granite, recently erected, together with the public buildings of the county. The population of the town is 1792. West of the mountains are several flourishing towns, which enjoy the advantage of an easy communication with Lake Champlain, and through it with the Hudson and St. Lawrence. St. Albans is a neatly built town on a small bay, with an active and increasing trade, and containing 2375 inhabitants. Further south is Burlington, the largest town in the State, and the principal commercial place on the lake. It is pleasantly situated on a gently rising slope, overlooking the lake, and it has an excellent harbour. Here are the county buildings and the University of Vermont, and at the falls of the Onion River there are some manufactories. The population is 3526. The city of Vergennes, with 1000 inhabitants, is accessible to Lake vessels, and the American squadron on the Lake was fitted out here in 1814. The falls in the river afford some good mill-seats. Above Vergennes is Middlebury, which contains some mills, and a college. Marble of a good quality is quarried here. Population, 3468. Higher up the river is Rutland, containing quarries of marble, several manufacturing establishments, and the public buildings of the county, with 2753 inhabitants. On the same side of the mountains, in the southern part of the State, is Bennington, in the neighbourhood of which are found limestone, marble, and iron. Here are some mills and iron-works, and a population of 3419.

Crossing the mountains, and entering the rich valley of the Connecticut, we find a number of thriving towns and neat villages, lining its fertile meadows. By means of several short canals, boats are enabled to ascend the river above Newbury; the principal of these cuts is at Bellows' Falls, where a fall of fifty feet is overcome by nine locks, and an excavation of half a mile in length. Brattleboro' is a busy place of 2141 inhabitants, and containing some manufactories. A Lunatic Asylum is about to be erected here. Windsor is a neat town in a picturesque situation, with the lofty peaks of Ascutney Mountain towering above it. A small stream, which runs through the town, serves to carry the machinery of several manufacturing establishments, and there is a State-Prison built of granite and conducted on the Auburn plan. Population, 3134. At the little village of Bellows' Falls, the river is suddenly contracted from 300 to 16 or 20 feet wide, and rushes with great impetuosity through a narrow chasm cut in the solid rock, having a fall of nearly 50 feet in a half of a mile. Woodstock, with 3044 inhabitants, lies a little off from the river; and higher up, but on the Connecticut, is Norwich; civil engineering and other practical sciences receive particular attention in the institution here, styled the Norwich University.

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

THIS State is bounded north by Vermont and New Hampshire; east by the Atlantic Ocean; south by Rhode Island and Connecticut; and west by New York. The average extent, from north to south, is 70 miles; and from east to west, 140: area, 8500 square miles. The Green Mountains range through the central parts of the State, from north to south. These mountains, in their whole extent, abound in noble elevations, dark green forests, pleasant and sheltered valleys, and an infinite variety of impressive scenery. The highest peaks are Saddle Mt., Taghkonic, Mt. Tom, Mt. Holyoke, &c.

Massachusetts has no large rivers wholly within her bounds. The Merrimack passes out of New Hampshire into the northern division of the State, emptying into the sea at Newburyport. The Connecticut, in traversing it from north to south, nearly bisects the State. The Housatonic, Charles, and Ipswich, Neponset, and Taunton, though they have short courses, are pleasant streams. The deep bay, between Cape Ann and Cape Cod, which has given name to the State, has caused it to be known in the other States by the name of the Bay State. Cape Ann bounds it on the north, and Cape Cod on the south.

Agriculture receives here great attention, and is conducted with a superior degree of skill and intelligence. Massachusetts is no doubt the best cultivated State in the Union. Both the Legislature and Agricultural Societies have made great efforts to encourage a skilful and thrifty husbandry, and to introduce the best foreign breeds of sheep and cattle. Commerce, manufactures, and the fisheries, are, however, the great objects of pursuit.

The shipping belonging to this State amounts to about 480,000 tons; being greater than that of any other State, and nearly one-third of the whole tonnage of the country: 1522 vessels, of 269,497 tons, entered, and 1459 vessels, of 248,188 tons, cleared at the different ports in 1835. The value of the imports, for the same year, was 19,800,373 dollars; of exports, 10,143,790; of which 5,464,499 were of domestic produce. There is also an active and extensive coasting trade carried on with all parts of the Union: the imports being chiefly raw produce and provisions, and the exports manufactured articles. The herring, or alewive, and mackerel fisheries, are carried on along shore; the cod-fishery chiefly on the great banks, and the Newfoundland and Labrador coasts; the whale-fishery in the South Atlantic, the Pacific, Indian, and Antarctic Oceans. Two hundred and ninety vessels, of about 90,000 tons, with upwards of 7000 men, were engaged in the whale-fishery, in 1834; and, during the year 1835, there was brought in sperm oil, whale oil, and whalebone, to the amount of five million dollars. In 1834 there were inspected 252,880 barrels of mackerel. The cod-fishery is also largely prosecuted from almost all the towns on the coast, and yields annually upwards of 400,000 quintals of fish and 6000 barrels of oil, of the value of more than one million dollars.

In Massachusetts there is a larger amount of capital invested in manufactures than in any other State in the Union: in 1831 there were 250 cotton-mills, consuming 24,871,981 pounds of cotton, and producing 79,231,000 yards of cloth; at present the number of the mills exceeds 300; also 125 woollen mills, manufacturing broadcloths, flannels, satinets, blankets, carpets, &c. There are likewise numerous carding-machines. The wool used in household manufactures is estimated at about 8,000,000 dollars. The silk manufacture has been successfully introduced: also iron manufactures, including nails, machinery of all sorts, hollow ware, cutlery, &c. The making of boots and shoes occupies the whole population of several considerable towns; and large quantities are exported. Other productions of manufacturing industry are carried on in families, and furnish an important source of gain to the rural population. The braiding and plaiting of straw and palm-leaf hats and bonnets is a branch of household industry which, though but lately introduced, already employs several thousand females. Of a similar character, but locally more confined, is the manufacture of brooms from the broom-corn, about one million being annually made. Ship-building is exten

sively carried on: the shipping built in 1833 amounting to 33,000 tons. And salt is also manufactured from sea-water, chiefly by solar evaporation, to the amount of about 500,000 bushels a year.

Various important works of internal improvement have been executed, which afford great convenience and facility to travelling and transportation: they are the Middlesex canal, which extends from Boston to Lowell, 26 miles; the Blackstone canal, from Worcester to Providence, Rhode Island, 45 miles, and the Hampshire and Hampden canal, 20 miles in length, is a continuation of the Farmington canal, from Southwick, on the Connecticut line, to Northampton.

Rail-roads have been constructed from Boston to Lowell, 25 miles, of which a continuation to Nashua, 15 miles, and a branch to Andover, are now in progress; from Boston to Providence, 42 miles, with a branch of 10 miles to Taunton; and from Boston to Worcester, 43 miles. The Western Rail-road, which has been begun, will extend from Worcester, through Springfield and West Stockbridge, to the New York line, 118 miles, where it will be connected with Albany, Hudson, and Troy, by roads already in progress. The Eastern Rail-road, also in progress, is to run from Boston, through Salem and Newburyport, to the New Hampshire line, 40 miles, where it will be connected with the Portsmouth and Portland Rail-road.

Her literary, religious, and charitable institutions are the pride of Massachusetts. Within a few years Boston alone has expended nearly two millions of dollars for objects of that character, exclusive of an annual expenditure of about $200,000, for the support of public and private schools. There are also 66 academies in the State, which, with the private schools, are attended by 25,000 scholars. Harvard University, at Cambridge, is the oldest and best endowed institution in the country; it has a library of 40,000 volumes, and instruction is given by 30 teachers, in the various branches of a liberal education: law, theological, and medical schools, are connected with it. William's College, at Williamstown, and Amherst College, at Amherst, are also respectable institutions.

The prevailing religious sect is the Congregationalist; the Baptists are also numerous; after these come the Methodists, Universalists, Episcopalians, Christians, Roman Catholics, and Friends, with some Presbyterians, Swedenborgians or New Jerusalem Church, and Shakers. Massachusetts is divided into 14 counties.

POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.

In 1701, 70,000; in 1742, 164,000; in 1763, 241,024; in 1765, 227,926; in 1776, 384,094; in 1784, 357,510.

Of the above population of 1830, there were, white males, 294,685; white females, 308,674; deaf and dumb, 256; blind, 218; aliens, 8787. Total whites, 603,359. Free coloured males, 3360; females, 3685: total, 7045. Slaves, 4. Boston, the capital of Massachusetts, and the principal city of New England, is pleasantly situated upon a small hilly peninsula on Boston Bay, with a safe and commodious harbour, deep enough to admit the largest vessels, capable of containing 500 ships at once, and so completely landlocked as to be perfectly secure. Several forts, erected on these islands, command the approaches to the city. Beside the main peninsula, the city comprises another peninsula, called South Boston, connected with the former by two free bridges; and the island of East Boston, with which communication is kept up by steam ferry-boats. Four wooden bridges also connect the city with Charlestown and Cambridge; a solid causeway of earth unites it to Brookline, and a narrow neck of land which has been raised and widened by artificial constructions, joins it to Roxbury.

The population, which in 1800 was 24,937; in 1820, 43,298, and in 1830, 64,392, amounted in 1835 to 78,603, including 1857 free coloured persons; but if the adjacent towns are included, which in fact form so many suburbs of the city,