the population exceeds 100,000. The State-house, fronting a fine park of 75 acres, called the Common, and standing on the most elevated part of the city; the market-house, a handsome granite edifice, two stories high, 536 feet in length, by 50 in breadth; the court-house, also of granite, 176 feet long, 57 high, 54 wide; the city-hall or old State-house, and Faneuil-hall, more interesting from historical associations than from their architectural merits; and the Massachusetts General Hospital, a handsome granite building, 168 feet in length; the Institution for the Blind, in which are about 50 pupils; the Boston Athenæum, which has a library of 30,000 volumes, and a picture gallery; the Medical School of Harvard University; the Eye and Ear Infirmary; the Houses of Industry, Reformation, and Correction, also deserve mention.

The bridges and wharves are remarkable for their great length. The Canal bridge is 2800 feet long; the West Boston Bridge, 2760 feet, and some of the others exceed 1500 feet. The wharves have been constructed in a somewhat similar manner. Central wharf, 1380 feet long, by 150 wide, contains 54 large warehouses, 4 stories high. Long wharf, 1800 long, by 200 in width, has 76 warehouses equally spacious. Commercial wharf is 1100 feet, by 160, with a range of 34 granite warehouses.

As a commercial city, Boston is the second in the United States, in the amount of its business. In the beginning of 1835, the shipping belonging to the port was 212,536 tons; entered in 1835, 194,420 tons; cleared, 181,293 tons; duties paid, 2,845,884 dollars; annual value of imports, 16,000,000; of exports, 10,000,000 dollars. The number of banking institutions is 28, with an aggregate capital of 24,980,000 dollars; of insurance companies, 30, with a capital of about 9,000,000. This city has ever been distinguished for its attention to education. The free schools are, the Latin school, the High school, nine grammar and writing schools, 57 primary schools, and one African school for blacks. There are also numerous private schools for children of both sexes. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Historical Society, and the Natural History Society, are among the learned societies. There are 51 churches, 2 theatres, an Odeon, &c.

Charlestown, which is connected with Boston by three bridges, stands on a lofty peninsula, the centre of which is occupied by Bunker Hill. Though irregularly built, it commands many fine views of the harbour and the surrounding country. The Bunker Hill Monument, of granite, is yet unfinished. It will form an obelisk, rising to the height of 220 feet from its base, which is 50 feet square. The United States' Dock-yard, comprising a number of store-houses, arsenals, magazines, barracks, and slips, with a graving or dry-dock, built of hewn granite, in the most solid manner, at the cost of 677,000 dollars, covers an extent of about sixty acres. The population of the town is 8787. Adjoining Charlestown is Cambridge, the seat of Harvard University, with 6071 inhabitants. At Watertown, adjoining Cambridge, there is an United States' Arsenal.

To the south-west is the little town of Brighton, noted for its cattle market, in which, in the year 1835, the sales of cattle, calves, sheep, and swine, amounted to 1,878,032 dollars. Lynn, a neat and thriving town, whose inhabitants, beside making 2,000,000 pair of shoes annually, carry on the cod and whale fisheries, increased its population from 6138 in 1830, to 9847 in 1836. A long beach of smooth, hard sand, terminates in the rocky little peninsula of Nahant, a favourite watering-place of the neighbouring towns. Marblehead, long the principal seat of the cod fishery, has of late turned its attention partly to mechanical industry, particularly to shoemaking, which occupies the winter leisure of many of its hardy fishermen. About 60 sail of small fishing-vessels, manned by about 500 men and boys, are owned here. Population, 5150.

The city of Salem, with 13,886 inhabitants, is noted for the commercial enterprise and industrious spirit of its citizens. It was long largely engaged in the East India and China trade, and its coasting and foreign trade is still considerable; but it labours under the disadvantage of not having a sufficient depth of water for the largest vessels. The inhabitants have lately engaged in the whale fishery, in which they employ 15 ships, of 3500 tons: the whole shipping of the port amounts to 31,877 tons. The city is neatly built, and it contains an Athenæ

um, a Marine Museum, a valuable collection of natural and artificial curiosities, belonging to the East India Marine Society, which is composed wholly of nautical men; nine banking institutions, with a capital of about two millions of dollars; six insurance companies, with a capital of 950,000 dollars; fifteen churches, and several charitable institutions. The manufactures are also considerable. Beverly, connected with Salem by a bridge 1500 feet in length, has 4079 inhabitants, chiefly occupied in commerce and the fisheries; and Danvers is a busy town, with a population of 4228, containing 32 tanneries, with 3000 vats, and a rolling and slitting mill, with 14 nail machines, producing 600,000 pounds of nails annually: 500,000 pair of shoes and boots are also made here yearly. Cape Anne, the north point of Massachusetts Bay, is occupied by the fishing-town of Gloucester: tonnage owned here, 14,528; population, 7513. A few miles north of the cape is the handsome town of Newburyport, situated at the mouth of the Merrimack. Its foreign commerce was formerly more extensive than it is at present, but its trade is still important, and the whale, mackerel, and cod fisheries, are also carried on from this place: tonnage, 21,535; population, 6388.

The south point of the great bay from which the State takes its name, is Cape Cod, a long irregular peninsula, of 75 miles in length, by from 5 to 20 in breadth. It consists chiefly of hills of white sand, mostly destitute of vegetation. The houses are in some places built upon stakes driven into the ground, with open spaces between, for the sand to drift through. The cape, notwithstanding, is well inhabited, and supports a population of 28,000, the majority of which subsists by the fisheries and the coasting-trade. South of Cape Cod is the island of Nantucket, containing the town of the same name, with 7266 inhabitants, all crowded together close upon the harbour, which lies on the northern side. The island is merely a sand-bank, 15 miles in length, by about 5 or 6 in breadth, slightly elevated above the ocean. There are, however, some productive spots; and about 14,000 sheep and 500 cows are raised, which feed in one pasture, the land being held in common. The inhabitants are distinguished for their enterprise. They have about 75 ships engaged in the whale-fishery, and a considerable number of small vessels in the coasting-trade: 64,545 tons of shipping are owned here, and 2000 men and boys belonging to the island are employed in navigation. Martha's Vineyard is somewhat longer than Nantucket, and contains considerable woodland. The inhabitants are mostly pilots and fishermen; but some salt and woollen cloth are made. Holmes' Hole, a safe and capacious harbour, on the northern coast, is an important station for ships waiting for favourable weather to pass Cape Cod.

Fifty-seven miles south of Boston, and situated on Buzzard's Bay, is New Bedford, the great seat of the whale-fishery. It is a handsomely built town, and has a safe and capacious harbour. The population, which in 1830 amounted to 7592, at present exceeds 11,000. The shipping of the district, which includes several other towns on the bay, is 76,849 tons: nearly the whole of this is employed in the whale-fishery; and in 1835, 84,966 barrels of sperm and 49,764 of whale oil were brought in here. There are here ten large establishments in which spermaceti candles are made and oil is prepared; four banks, with a capital of 1,300,000 dollars; an insurance office, 14 churches and chapels, an academy, &c.

In this State there are nearly 40 millions of dollars invested in manufacturing stock; of which 64 millions are employed in Lowell alone. This place, which is the greatest manufacturing town in the United States, has been very rapid in its growth, and may be considered the Manchester of America. It was commenced in 1813, but its principal increase dates from 1822: it now contains 20,000 inhabitants. Its various cotton and woollen factories give employment to near 7000 operatives, the greater part of whom are females. About 12 million pounds of cotton, and near seven hundred thousand pounds of wool, are expended annually in the production of 40 million yards of cotton and woollen goods and carpeting. The supply of water-power, from the Merrimack, is convenient and unfailing. Lowell also contains powder-mills, flannel-works, grist and saw-mills, glassworks, &c.

Among the other places noted for manufactures, are Fall River village, near

the mouth of Taunton River; Taunton, on the river of the same name, and 32 miles south-west from Boston; Worcester, west from Boston; Springfield and Northampton, both on Connecticut River; Pittsfield, in the western, and Adams, in the north-western part of the State.

STATE OF RHODE ISLAND.

RHODE ISLAND is bounded north and east by Massachusetts, south by the Atlantic Ocean, and west by Connecticut. Its extent, from north to south, is about 48 miles, and from east to west, 42; area, 1500 square miles. The face of the country is mostly level, except in the north-west, part of which is hilly and rocky. The soil is generally better adapted to grazing than tillage. A large proportion of the north-western and western part of the State has a thin and lean soil, but the islands and country bordering on Narragansett Bay are of great fertility, and are celebrated for their fine cattle, and the abundance and excellence of their butter and cheese. The products are corn, rye, barley, oats, and some wheat.

The island of Rhode Island is celebrated for its beautiful, cultivated appearance, abounding in smooth swells, and being divided with great uniformity into well-tilled fields. The climate much resembles that of Massachusetts and Connecticut in its salubrity: the parts of the State adjacent to the sea are favoured with refreshing breezes in summer, and its winter is the most mild of any of the New England States.

The rivers are small, with courses of not more than fifty or sixty miles, and discharging an inconsiderable quantity of water; but as they descend from two hundred to four hundred and fifty feet, and are steady in their supply of water, they furnish a great number of valuable mill-seats; and they have been extensively applied to manufacturing purposes. The Pawtucket, Pawtuxet, and Pawcatuck, are the principal streams.

Some iron ore, marble, and freestone, are found, and anthracite coal occurs in extensive beds, but, although it has been pronounced of a good quality, it has not been much worked. The inhabitants have occupied themselves with commerce, the fisheries, and manufactures, rather than with agriculture. In 1832, there were in the State 119 cotton-mills, 22 woollen-mills, 5 bleacheries, 2 calico-print works, 10 iron-founderies, 30 machine-shops, 40 tanneries, &c. Since that period the number has been much increased: there is a silk manufactory in Providence, and lace is made in Newport.

The people of Rhode Island not having made a constitution for themselves, the government is still conducted according to the provisions of the royal charter of 1663. The official style is the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. The Governor and Lieutenant-Governor are chosen annually by popular vote. The legislature, styled the General Assembly, consists of two houses, a Senate, chosen annually, and a House of Representatives, chosen semi-annually, which meet four times a year. The judges and other civil officers are appointed annually by the General Assembly. The State appropriates 10,000 dollars a year for the support of common schools, and a somewhat larger sum is raised by the towns for the same purpose, in addition to which, considerable sums are raised by individual subscription, in order to keep the free schools open some time longer than the public funds would admit. There are in the State 323 free schools, with upwards of 17,000 pupils. Brown University, at Providence, is a respectable institution on the plan of the other New England colleges. The Baptists and Congregationalists are the most numerous sects; the Episcopalians and Methodists are also numerous, and there are some Friends, Roman Catholics, and Universalists.

POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.

In 1701, 10,000; in 1730, 17,935; in 1748, 34,128; in 1755, 46,636; in 1774, 59,678; in 1783, 51,809.

Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 45,333; white Females, 48,288; deaf and dumb, 48; blind, 57; aliens, 1103. Total whites, 93,621. -Free coloured Males, 1544; Females, 2020. Total, 3564.-Slaves, Males, 3; Females, 11. Total, 14.

The principal city of Rhode Island is Providence, the second in New England in point of population, wealth, and commerce. It is situated at the head of Narragansett Bay, and is accessible to the largest merchant vessels: it carries on an active coasting and foreign trade. The population of the city increased from 16,833 in 1830, to 19,277 in 1835. Here are 16 banks with a capital of about five million dollars; also a number of cotton-mills, bleacheries, dye-houses, machine-shops, iron-founderies, &c. Among the public buildings are the State House, the Halls of Brown University, the arcade, a handsome granite edifice, fourteen churches, &c. Steam-boats, of the largest and finest class, keep up a daily communication with New York, during the greater part of the year; the Blackstone canal, and Boston and Providence rail-road, terminate here; and a continuation of the latter to Stonington in Connecticut, is now in progress. Pawtucket River, above Providence, is the seat of extensive manufactures. North Providence, on the Massachusetts border, contains the manufacturing village of Pawtucket, opposite which is the town of Pawtucket in that State. The whole manufacturing district is also commonly called Pawtucket, and it contains 20 cotton-mills, beside machine-shops, calico-printing works, iron-works, &c. There is a population of about 6000 souls on both sides of the river. Above this the Pawtucket takes the name of the Blackstone, and furnishes mill-seats which have created the village of Woonsocket Falls, also situated on both sides of the river, in the townships of Smithfield and Cumberland. There are also manufacturing establishments in other parts of Smithfield. The population at the Falls is about 3000. Warwick, on the Pawtuxet River and Narragansett Bay, is a manufacturing and fishing town, with 5529 inhabitants.

Bristol, on the eastern shore of the bay, is a busy town, with 3054 inhabitants actively engaged in the foreign and coasting trade and whale fishery. Nearly at the south end of the Island of Rhode Island is Newport, once one of the principal towns in the colonies, and still a favourite summer resort, on account of its pleasant situation, the refreshing coolness of the sea-breezes, and its advantages for sea-bathing. The harbour is one of the finest in the world, being safe, capacious, and easy of access, and is defended by an important work called Fort Adams; but trade has mostly deserted the town, and now centres chiefly in Providence. Population, 8010. Prudence and Conanicut Islands in the Bay, and Block Island, at the entrance of Long Island Sound, belong to this State. The latter, although destitute of a harbour, has nearly 2000 inhabitants, engaged in the fisheries.

STATE OF CONNECTICUT.

THIS State is bounded on the north by Massachusetts, south by Long Island Sound, east by Rhode Island, and west by New York. It is 90 miles in length, 70 miles in breadth, and contains 4764 square miles. The principal rivers are, the Connecticut, Housatonic, Thames, Farmington, and Naugatuck. The face of the country is generally hilly, and, in the north-western parts, mountainous. The soil is good, and the industrious inhabitants have not neglected its cultivation. The valley of Connecticut River, from Middletown to the northern boundary of the State, is a luxuriant meadow, chequered by patches of wheat, corn, and other grain. Some other parts of the State are well cultivated and fruitful,

and some portions are beautiful, as well from the gifts of nature as the improvements of art.

The chief productions are Indian corn, rye, wheat, in many parts, oats, barley, buckwheat, flax in large quantities, &c. Orchards are numerous, and cider is made for exportation. The State is, however, generally better adapted to grazing than tillage, and its fine meadows and pastures enable the farmer to feed great numbers of neat cattle, horses, and sheep. The quantity of butter and cheese, annually made, is great, and of well-known excellence.

The fisheries are carried on from several of the ports; and there are valuable shad fisheries on the rivers. There are about 12,000 tons of shipping from this State in the whale fishery; and, in 1834, 30,000 barrels of whale and sperm oil were brought in. The coasting trade is considerable, but most of the foreign trade is carried on through New York.

The manufactures of Connecticut are considerable, and the ingenuity and industry of the people in this respect have a reputation coextensive with the Union. The principal articles are cotton and woollen goods, clocks, combs, and buttons, tin and wooden ware. Implements, and utensils of various descriptions are among the products of manufacturing industry. In 1832, there were in the State 104 cotton-mills and 80 woollen factories. The annual value of cotton and woollen goods, iron manufactures, axes, boots and shoes, buttons and combs, paper, coaches and wagons, with other articles, amounted to an aggregate of 8,000,000 dollars.

Common schools are supported by the proceeds of the school fund belonging to the State, which are distributed among the school districts in proportion to the number of children in each, between the ages of four and sixteen years. The money thus distributed is applied solely to paying the expense of instruction, the other charges being paid by the districts. The number of children of the above description is about 84,000. The school fund amounts to about 1,930,000 dollars, and the income is about 84,000 dollars. There are also upwards of 30 academies and high schools in the State; and three colleges-Yale College at New Haven, Washington College at Hartford, and the Wesleyan University, at Norwich. Yale College is one of the oldest and most respectable, and the most frequented of the collegiate institutions in the country. Attached to it are a theological department, a medical institute, and a law school. The duties of instruction are performed by twenty-seven teachers.

The Congregationalists are the most numerous religious sect; after them rank the Baptists, Methodists, and Episcopalians; and there are some Universalists, Roman Catholics, and Shakers.

The Farmington canal extends from New Haven to the Massachusetts line, 56 miles; whence it is continued to Northampton, by the Hampshire and Hampden canal. Enfield canal, 5 miles in length, serves to overcome a fall in the Connecticut, and supplies valuable mill-seats. A rail-road is in progress from Providence to Stonington, in this State, 45 miles in length; it is intended to be connected by a steam ferry-boat with the termination of the Long Island rail-road. Another rail-road is also in progress between New Haven and Hartford, a distance of 40 miles.

POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.

1774, 197,856

1782, 209,150 1830,

....

22,417

Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 143,047; white Females, 146,556; of which are, deaf and dumb, 294; blind, 188; aliens, 1481. Total, whites, 289,603.-Free coloured, 8047; slaves, 25; deaf and dumb, 6; blind, 7. Total, 8075.

New Haven, the principal city of the State, is beautifully situated on a bay of the same name. The harbour is safe and spacious, but it is shallow and gradually