begun to be developed, already gives an earnest of future importance. Coal, iron, and salt, occur in vast quantities. The coal of Pennsylvania is of two kinds, the Anthracite and Bituminous, which are quite distinct in their qualities and localities. The first is found in the eastern part of the State, between the Delaware and Susquehannah Rivers, and is estimated to cover an extent of about 624,000 acres. In 1835, the quantity sent from the coal region, exclusive of that shipped by the Susquehannah, was upwards of 600,000 tons, valued at more than 3,000,000 dollars. The bituminous coal is found in the western parts of the State: it is supposed that about 460,000 tons are annually consumed in Pittsburgh, and at the different salt-works on the Kiskiminetas, &c., besides what is sent down the river Ohio to Cincinnati, New Orleans, and other towns. About 1,000,000 bushels of salt are manufactured yearly at the works on the Kiskiminetas, Alleghany, and Beaver.

Iron ore of an excellent quality is abundant and extensively wrought. The iron-mines in the eastern part of the State were explored and worked at an early period of colonial settlement, and had become an interest of great value before the Revolution. Since the peace of 1783, with much fluctuation, iron has at all times employed a vast amount of capital and labour. In 1832, upwards of 60 furnaces, and 100 forges, produced near 90,000 tons of pig iron, blooms, bar iron, and castings; and no doubt the amount has much increased since that time. The manufactures of Pennsylvania constitute an important branch of its industry; they include cotton and woollen goods, iron ware of all kinds, manufactures of leather, hats, paper, furniture, porcelain, &c. In the year 1832, there were 67 cotton factories in the State, with an aggregate capital of 3,758,500 dollars, and making annually 21,332,667 yards of cloth. The total value of manufactures, including about 250 different articles, is estimated at upwards of 70,000,000 dollars.

The foreign commerce of Pennsylvania is in part carried on through New York, Baltimore, and New Orleans; and its actual amount cannot therefore be fully ascertained. The value of the direct imports in 1834, was 12,389,937 dollars; of exports, 3,739,275 dollars; an active inland trade is prosecuted on her canals, on Lake Erie, and on the Ohio; and her coasting-trade is extensive and valuable. The shipping belonging to the State, in 1835, amounted to 78,993

tons.

Little attention has been paid to the education of the people in this State, and, notwithstanding an express injunction of the constitution, no attempt was made to establish a general system of popular instruction, until 1834, when an act was passed for that purpose, which was modified in 1836. This act authorizes the towns to raise money for the support of common schools, and provides for the distribution of the proceeds of the State school-fund among those towns which shall adopt the school system. Ample provision has, however, been made for the gratuitous instruction of poor children in the county of Philadelphia, in which about 9500 annually enjoy its benefits. There are in the State 55 academies, 2 universities, 8 colleges, 5 theological seminaries, and 2 medical schools. The University of Pennsylvania is in Philadelphia, and the medical school connected with it is the most distinguished and most fully attended in the United States. The Western University is at Pittsburgh. Jefferson College, at Canonsburg, which has a medical department in Philadelphia; Dickinson College, at Carlisle; Alleghany College, at Meadville; Washington College, at Washington; Pennsylvania College, at Gettysburg; Lafayette College, at Easton; the Manual Labour Collegiate Institution, at Bristol; and Marshall College, at Mercersburg, are now in operation. Girard College, endowed with a fund of 2,000,000 dollars, by Mr. Girard, and intended for the support and education of destitute orphans, is not yet organized.

The Methodists and Presbyterians are the most numerous religious sects. The Lutherans, Baptists, German Reformed, and Friends, rank next in point of numbers; after them, come Episcopalians and Roman Catholics, with some Moravians or United Brethren, Dutch Reformed, Universalists, &c.

The works for the improvement of internal intercommunication have been executed partly by the State, and partly by individuals, on a grand scale. Those of

the State consist of several divisions composed of rail-roads and canals, extending across the country from tide-water to the Ohio, and branching off in different directions to almost every section of the State. The grand trunk extends from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, a distance, by this route, of 400 miles.

The first division of the work, from Philadelphia to Columbia on the Susquehannah, is a rail-road, 81 miles in length. At Columbia, the canal begins, and is continued up the Susquehannah and Juniata, to Holidaysburg, 172 miles. The canal is 40 feet wide at top, and 4 feet deep. The Alleghany ridge is then surmounted by the Alleghany Portage Rail-road, 37 miles in length, with a rise and fall of 2570 feet: the summit-level is 2490 feet above the sea. At Johnstown, the route is again continued by a canal, down the Kiskiminetas and Alleghany, to Pittsburgh, 104 miles. A branch of this great undertaking is the Susquehannah canal, extending from the mouth of the Juniata, up the Susquehannah and the North Branch, to the mouth of the Lackawanna, 115 miles: a second lateral division runs up the West Branch, to Dunnstown, 66 miles, The Delaware branch extends from Bristol to Easton, 60 miles: the Beaver branch, from the town of the name, up the Big Beaver and Shenango rivers, to Newcastle, affords a navigable channel of 30 miles, by means of eight miles of excavation, and seven dams in the river. The French Creek branch extends up that river, from Franklin, at its mouth, to Meadville and Conneaut Lake; total length, 46 miles, or, with the lake, 50 miles, of which 27 miles is by excavation. Appropriations were also made in the spring of 1836, for continuing the Susquehannah branch towards the State line; for extending the West Branch division; for continuing the canal in the western part of the State toward Erie; and for ascertaining, by surveys, the practicability of connecting the West Branch with the Alleghany, by a canal.

The principal works constructed by individuals are as follows: the Lackawaxen canal, extending from the mouth of that river, on the Delaware, to Honesdale, 25 miles, whence it is continued by a rail-road to Carbondale coal-mines, 16 miles: the cost of these works was 2,000,000 dollars. The Lehigh canal starts from the termination of the Morris and Delaware canals, and goes to White Haven, 66 miles: the Mauch Chunk, Room Run, and Beaver Meadow rail-roads, connect this canal with the first and second coal basins. The Schuylkill canal connects Port Carbon with Philadelphia, by a succession of pools and canals; the whole length of the navigation is 108 miles: the cost of this work was 2,500,000 dollars. About 50 miles of rail-road branch from this canal to various collieries. The Union canal connects the Schuylkill at Reading with the Susquehannah at Middletown, 82 miles. A lateral branch to Pine Grove, 23 miles up the Swatara, is connected by a rail-road with the coal-mines. The Union canal, by the junction of the Grand Trunk and the Schuylkill canals, affords uninterrupted navigation from Philadelphia to the Lackawanna, Dunnstown, and Holidaysburg. The Susquehannah canal, from Columbia to Port Deposit, 40 miles, connects the main trunk of the Pennsylvania canal with tide-water. The Nescopeck canal, in progress, will connect the Lehigh with the North Branch of the Susquehannah.

The principal rail-roads, exclusive of those in the coal region, which make an aggregate of about 100 miles, are the Philadelphia and Trenton rail-road, connecting those two cities, 26 miles; the Philadelphia and Norristown, 17 miles, which is to be continued to Reading; the Central rail-road from Pottsville to Sunbury, 44 miles, with a branch to Danville. The Philadelphia and Delaware railroad, 17 miles, is a part of the line of rail-road by Wilmington to Baltimore, now in progress. The Oxford rail-road, from Coatesville, on the Columbia rail-road, to Port Deposit, 31 miles; the Lancaster and Harrisburg rail-road, 37 miles; the Cumberland Valley rail-road, from the Susquehannah opposite Harrisburg, to Chambersburg, 49 miles; the Wrightsville and Gettysburg rail-road, from Columbia, through York, to Gettysburg, 40 miles; the Susquehannah and Little Schuylkill rail-road, from Catawissa to Tamaqua; the Williamsport and Elmira rail-road, from the West Branch to the Tioga, 70 miles; and the continuation of the Baltimore and Susquehannah, from the Maryland line, through York, to the Susquehannah, are in progress.

Pennsylvania is divided into 53 counties, which are subdivided into townships and cities. The whole population amounted in 1830 to 1,348,233.

POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.

Of the above population of 1830, there were white males, 565,812; white females, 644,088; deaf and dumb, 758; blind, 475; aliens, 15,365; total, 1,309,900. Free coloured males, 18,377; females, 19,553; total, 37,930. Slaves, males, 172; females, 231; total, 403.

The city of Philadelphia, the principal city of the State, and one of the most regularly laid out and handsomely built in the world, stands between the Delaware and the Schuylkill Rivers, about 5 miles above their junction, and 100 miles from the sea by the course of the former. It yields to none in the Union in the wealth, industry, and intelligence of its citizens. Philadelphia has the advantage of a double port, connected with very remote sections; that on the Schuylkill is accessible to vessels of 300 tons, and is the great depôt for the coal of the interior; the other, on the Delaware, admits the largest merchant-vessels to the doors of the ware-houses, and is spacious and secure.

The streets are broad and straight, crossing each other at right angles, and dividing the city into numerous squares, some of which have been reserved for public walks, and are ornamented with fine shade and flowering trees. The dwelling-houses are neat and commodious, and the public buildings, generally constructed of white marble, are the most elegant in the country. Two bridges cross the Schuylkill, one of which is remarkable for its arch of 324 feet span, the longest in the world. Numerous steam-boats afford constant and easy communication with Baltimore and New York, and, with the rail-roads into the interior, render this city the great thoroughfare between the north and south, and the east and west.

Philadelphia includes the City Proper, with Southwark, Moyamensing, and Passyunk, on the south; and Kensington, Northern Liberties, Spring Garden, and Penn Township, on the north; having a population in 1790, of 42,520; in 1810, of 96,664; and in 1830, of 167,811.

The manufactures of Philadelphia are various and extensive: her foreign commerce is considerable: the arrivals from foreign ports in 1835 having been 429; and the value of her imports being between 10,000,000 and 12,000,000 dollars a year: her inland commerce is also very extensive, and rapidly increasing, in consequence of the facilities afforded by the numerous canals and rail-roads that centre here, affording an easy communication with all sections of the State, and with the great western valley. There are about 500,000 barrels of flour, and 3600 hogsheads of tobacco inspected, and upwards of 800,000 bushels of grain measured here annually.

The shipping belonging to the port in 1835, was 83,520 tons. There are in the city 16 banks, with a capital of 51,900,000 dollars. Philadelphia is noted for the number and excellence of its benevolent institutions. Among these are the Pennsylvania Hospital, the Dispensary, Wills' Hospital for the lame and blind; the institutions for the deaf and dumb, and for the blind; the Alms-House, Magdalen Asylum, Orphan Asylums, Girard College for Orphans, &c. The Society for alleviating the miseries of public prisons, has not only distinguished itself by its successful efforts in reforming the penal code of the State, but in improving the conditions of the prisons: the discipline adopted by the influence of this Society consists in solitary confinement with labour; and the penitentiaries of Pennsylvania are conducted on this plan. The learned institutions of Philadelphia are equally distinguished: they are the American Philosophical Society, the Academy of

Natural Sciences, the Pennsylvania Historical Society, and the Franklin Institute; all of which have published some valuable volumes. The Medical Schools are also much frequented and highly celebrated. The City Library, including the Loganian collection, consists of 42,000 volumes. There is also an Academy of Fine Arts here. Free schools are supported at the public charge, and educate about 9500 scholars annually, at an expense of about 56,000 dollars. The principal public buildings are the United States Bank, on the model of the Parthenon, and the Pennsylvania Bank, of the Ionic order, both elegant specimens of classical architecture: the Mint, a handsome building, with Ionic porticoes 62 feet long on each front; the Exchange, 95 feet by 114, containing a spacious Hall, News Room, the Post Office, &c.; the Girard Bank, the Girard College, a splendid structure, 111 feet by 169, with a colonnade of Grecian Corinthian columns, entirely surrounding it; all of these buildings are of white marble. The United States Marine Asylum, capable of accommodating 400 men, with a front of 385 feet; the Alms-House, on the west bank of the Schuylkill, consisting of four distinct buildings, with nearly 400 rooms; the State-House, interesting from its having been the place where the Declaration of Independence was adopted and promulgated; the United States Arsenal, &c., also deserve mention. There are here 100 churches and places of public worship, including 2 synagogues. The State penitentiary and the County prison are not less remarkable for their architecture, than for their discipline, The County Prison, built of Quincy Granite, has a front of 310 feet by 525 in depth. There is a Navy-Yard here, but ships of war of the largest class cannot ascend to the city with their armament. The inhabitants are liberally supplied with water by the Fairmount works, constructed at an expense of 432,500 dollars; 93 miles of pipe convey it to all parts of the city. The daily consumption in summer is about 4,000,000 gallons. The annual rents amount to 92,116 dollars, and the annual charge to 14,000.

Frankford and Germantown are flourishing towns in the vicinity of Philadel phia. The former is the seat of numerous manufacturing establishments, including several cotton-mills, calico-print works, and bleacheries, woollen-mills, iron works, &c. Here are also an Arsenal of the United States, and a Lunatic Asylum, belonging to the Friends. Germantown is a flourishing and pleasant town, with 4311 inhabitants, containing a bank, some manufactures, &c. The other most important places in Pennsylvania are Lancaster City, Harrisburg, Reading, Easton, and Pottsville, in the eastern section of the State; in the western are Pittsburgh, Beaver, &c.

The City of Lancaster, 62 miles west of Philadelphia, pleasantly situated in the fertile and highly cultivated Conestoga valley, is one of the handsomest in the State: the streets are regular, and among the public buildings are 12 churches, an academy, &c. Its trade is extensive, and the manufactures various and considerable it is noted for the superior quality of its rifles, coaches, rail-road cars, stockings, saddlery, &c. The population amounts to 7704. Lancaster is connected with Philadelphia and Harrisburg by rail-roads, and with the Susquehannah, below Columbia, by a canal.

Harrisburg, the capital of the State, stands on the left bank of the Susquehannah. The State-House is a neat and commodious building, from the cupola of which is one of the finest panoramic views in the United States. Here are also a Court-House and a number of churches. Population, in 1830, 4,312. Beyond the Susquehannah are the thriving towns of Carlisle and Chambersburg; the former containing 3707, and the latter 2783 inhabitants. Carlisle is the seat of Dickinson College.

Reading, about 50 miles north-west from Philadelphia, is a prosperous town on the left bank of the Schuylkill, and at the termination of the Union Canal. The town is regularly built, and was originally settled by Germans: several newspapers are still printed in that language, though English is generally understood. Population, 5856.

Easton, at the confluence of the Lehigh and the Delaware, and the termination of the Morris canal, is one of the most flourishing inland towns in the State. In its immediate neighbourhood are numerous flour-mills, oil-mills, saw-mills, &c.

The situation is highly picturesque, and it contains five churches, a manual labour collegiate institution, a library with a mineralogical cabinet, &c. The population Pottsville is situated in a wild in 1830 was 3700, but at present is about 5000. district on the Schuylkill, in the midst of the coal region. It contains many handsome dwellings, and its popoulation, which in 1825 did not exceed 300, amounted, in 1835, to 3330. Mauch Chunk, first settled in 1821, is also built on very broken ground; but, in addition to the coal trade, it enjoys the advantage of an extensive water-power, which is used for manufacturing purposes: and its population at present exceeds 2000. Wilkesbarre stands in the delightful valley of Wyoming, whose rural beauty, and peaceful shades, once stained with blood and desolated with fire, have been consecrated by the deathless muse. The population of Wilkesbarre is 2233.

Pittsburgh, the principal city of Western Pennsylvania, is built at the junction of the Monongahela and the Alleghany. The city proper includes only the tract between the rivers; but, as the little towns of Birmingham, Alleghany town, &c., really form a part of Pittsburgh, they must properly be included in its description. Perhaps its site is unrivalled in the world, commanding a navigation of about 50,000 miles, which gives it access to the most fertile region on the face of the globe, surrounded by inexhaustible beds of the most useful minerals. Connected by artificial works which top the great natural barrier on the east, with the three principal cities of the Atlantic border on one side, and by others not less extensive, with those great inland seas that already bear on their bosoms the trade of industrious millions, Pittsburgh is doubtless destined to become one of the most important centres of population, industry, and wealth, in the United States. The population of the place in 1800 was about 1600; in 1820, 10,000; in 1830, 18,000, of which the city proper comprised 12,568; and in 1835 it was estimated to exceed 35,000. In 1835 there were here 120 steam-engines, 16 large founderies and engine factories, with numerous small works; rolling-mills, cotton establishments, white lead factories, breweries, saw and grist-mills, glass works, with brass founderies, steel manufactories, tanneries, salt works, paper-mills, manufactories of cutlery and agricultural implements, &c., are among the 300 manufacturing establishments of Pittsburgh. The city is regularly built, but the clouds of smoke in which it is constantly enveloped give it rather a dingy appearance. Among the public establishments here, are the Alleghany Arsenal, belonging to the United States, the Western Penitentiary of the State, the Western University, a Presbyterian and a Reformed Theological Seminary, 50 churches and places of worship, 55 Sunday schools, 60 common and 12 select schools, &c. A steam-engine supplies the city with 1,500,000 gallons of water daily.

In the district to the south of Pittsburgh, Washington, Brownsville, and Union, are thriving towns. Canonsburg is the seat of Jefferson College. Below Pittsburgh, Beaver, at the mouth of the river of the same name, is a thriving town, which is indebted for its prosperity to the great water-power afforded by the falls of that stream. Numerous mills and manufacturing establishments have recently been erected on both sides of the river above the village, and the whole population of the neighbourhood is about 5000. The completion of the connecting links between the Ohio and Pennsylvania canals will give a great impulse to the trade of this place.

Erie, on the lake of the same name, is important on account of its harbour, which is protected by several piers. This place is increasing rapidly, and bids fair to become of considerable commercial importance.

STATE OF DELAWARE.

THE boundaries of this State are,-on the north Pennsylvania, on the south Maryland, on the east Delaware Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west Pennsylvania and Maryland.

The extent from north to south is 90 miles; from east to west 25 miles; area in square miles, 2120. The principal streams, besides the Delaware, which forms a