part of its boundary, are Brandywine creek, Christiana creek, Duck creek, Mispillion creek, and Indian, Choptank, and Nanticoke rivers.

The general aspect of Delaware is that of an extended plain, mostly favourable for cultivation.

On the table-land forming the dividing ridge between the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, is a chain of swamps, from which the waters descend in one direction to Chesapeake, and in the other to Delaware Bay. The upper part of the State is generally a fine tract of country, and well adapted to the growing of wheat, and other grains. The staple commodity, however, is wheat, which is produced of a superior quality. The flour is highly esteemed for its softness, and is preferred in foreign markets. Brandywine creek, in the upper part of the State, furnishes water-power for great and growing manufacturing establishments. The chief articles are flour, cottons, woollens, paper, and gunpowder. Delaware contains but few minerals; in the county of Sussex, and among the branches of the Nanticoke, are large quantities of bog iron ore, well adapted for casting; but it is not wrought to any extent. This State has a school-fund of $170,000. There are academies at Wilmington, New Castle, Newark, Smyrna, Dover, Milford, Lewistown, and Georgetown. Schools are established in every district of four miles square. No district is entitled to any share of the fund that will not raise by taxation a sum equal to its share of the income of the fund.

The foreign commerce of Delaware is inconsiderable, but an active coastingtrade is carried on. There were in the State, in 1833, 15 cotton-mills, 6 machineshops, 2 founderies, and one rolling-mill; 2 woollen manufactories; 30 tanneries; 3 paper-mills; 2 powder-mills; 20 quercitron-mills; 72 flour-mills, 22 of which are merchant-mills; 40 saw-mills, &c. The Delaware and Chesapeake canal is a highly important work, from its connecting those two great estuaries by a channel navigable by sea-vessels; it is 10 feet deep, 66 feet wide, and nearly 14 miles in length; it has two tide and two lift-locks, and was constructed at an expense of 2,200,000 dollars. Here is also a rail-road extending across the State from New Castle on the Delaware, to Frenchtown on Elk river, 16 miles long; and the Wilmington and Susquehannah rail-road, now in progress, forms a link in the route which is to unite Philadelphia and Baltimore.

Delaware is divided into three counties, which are subdivided into hundreds. POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.

Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 28,845; white Females, 28,756; deaf and dumb, 35; blind, 18; aliens, 313. Total whites, 57,601. Free coloured Males, 7882; Females, 7973. Total, 15,855. Slaves-Males, 1806; Females, 1486. Total, 3292.

The city of Wilmington, pleasantly situated near the junction of the Brandywine and Christiana, is a well-built, growing town, and the most important in the State. It contains an arsenal, hospital, 13 churches, &c., and is supplied with water by water-works on the Brandywine. Its trade is extensive, and it sends several ships to the whale-fishery. In the immediate vicinity there are about 100 mills and manufactories, producing flour. paper, iron-ware, powder, and cotton and woollen goods; the Brandywine flour-mills are among the most extensive in the United States. The population, which in 1830 was 6628, is now about 10,000. New Castle, below Wilmington, is a little village at the termination of the railroad. Dover, the seat of government, contains the State-House, and about 1500 inhabitants. Lewistown is a village near Cape Henlopen, in front of which has been erected the Delaware Breakwater. The work consists of two piers, an icebreaker 1500 feet in length, and a breakwater 3600 feet long, not yet fully completed; estimated cost 2,216,950 dollars.

STATE OF MARYLAND.

MARYLAND is bounded north by Pennsylvania and Delaware; east by Delaware and the Atlantic; south-west and west by Virginia. Length 196 miles, and 120 miles in breadth; area in square miles 10,950, in acres 7,008,000. The principal rivers are the Potomac, which divides it from Virginia, the Susquehannah, Patapsco, Pawtuxent, Elk, Sassafras, Chester, Choptank, Nanticoke, and Pocomoko. The maritime part of this State is penetrated far into the interior by Chesapeake Bay, as a vast river dividing it into two distinct portions, called the eastern and western shores. These shores include a level, low, and alluvial country, intersected by tide-water rivers and creeks, and like the same tracts of country farther south are subject to intermittents. The genuine white wheat, which is supposed to be peculiar to this State, is raised on these shores. Above the tidewaters, the land becomes agreeably undulating. Beyond this commences the Alleghany mountain, with its numerous ridges: the valleys between them are of a loamy and rich soil, yielding fine wheat and all the productions of the middle, together with some of those of the southern States. The national road passes through the wide and fertile valleys in which Frederick and Hagerstown are situated, being broad belts of the same admirable soil which is seen in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. Among these mountains and hills the air is elastic, the climate salubrious, and the waters clear and transparent.

In manufactures and commerce, Maryland sustains a very respectable rank; numerous woollen and cotton-mills, copper and iron rolling-mills are established in and near Baltimore, and are also scattered over other parts of the State. Flour and tobacco are the staple productions: the exports of the former are very great, and of the latter the product is considerable and of excellent quality. The herring and shad fisheries are actively carried on, and yield valuable returns, constituting an important article of trade, as well as of home consumption; the commerce of Maryland is extensive, and her ports serve as the outlets of large tracts of productive country in Virginia, Pennsylvania, and the Western States, whose consumption is also in part supplied through the same channels. Her imports from foreign countries amounted in 1835 to 5,647,153 dollars; her exports to 3,925,234 dollars; and her coasting trade is also valuable. The shipping belonging to the State amounted in the beginning of that year to 101,587 tons.

There is a free school fund of 50,000 dollars, belonging to different counties, and appropriated to the education of indigent children, and the proceeds of a small school fund belonging to the State, are also applied to the same object. The State also grants annually a sum of 5000 dollars to the University of Maryland, and a further sum, amounting in 1835 to 18,600 dollars, to other colleges, academies, and schools. The colleges are St. John's College, at Annapolis, St. Mary's at Baltimore, Mount St. Mary's at Emmittsburg, and Mount Hope, near Baltimore. The Academical and Medical Departments of the University of Maryland, at Baltimore, are in operation, and there is also another medical school, styled the Washington Medical College, in the same city. The Roman Catholics, Episcopalians, and Methodists, are the prevailing sects; and the Presbyterians, Baptists, German Reformed, and Friends, are pretty numerous. There are also some Universalists, Lutherans, Swedenborgians, Tunkers, and Menonists.

The canals and rail-roads of Maryland are on a gigantic scale; the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal is to extend from Georgetown to Pittsburg, 340 miles; it is already completed to above Williamsport, 105 miles, and is in progress to Cumberland, 185 miles, an appropriation of 3,000,000 dollars having recently been made by the State, to enable the Company to finish this section of the work. The cost of this work, thus far, is estimated to have been about 4,100,000 dollars. The Legislature of the State has also appropriated 1,000,000 for the construction of branches to Baltimore and Annapolis. The Susquehannah Canal, extending from Columbia to Port Deposit, is in progress. The Baltimore and Ohio rail-road is completed to Harper's Ferry, 80 miles, where it is connected with the Winchester rail-road; the work is now going on towards Cumberland, and an appropria

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tion of 3,000,000 dollars has been made by the State to aid in its completion. A branch has been constructed to Washington, a distance of 32 miles, from a point about 12 miles from Baltimore. Number of passengers conveyed on the road in 1835, 97,758; tons of merchandise, 72,634; receipts, 263,368 dollars; expenses, 156,204 dollars; there are 1140 burden cars, and 44 passenger cars, with seven locomotive engines, employed on the road. It has been ascertained by surveys, to be practicable to carry the rail-road over the Alleghany Mountains, at an elevation of 2278 feet, without having recourse to the use of inclined planes. The Baltimore and Philadelphia rail-road is chiefly in this State; the whole distance is 92 miles; from Baltimore, by Havre de Grace, to the Delaware State line, 53 miles; the Susquehannah will be crossed by a steam ferry-boat; the work is nearly completed. The Baltimore and Susquehannah rail-road extends from Baltimore, by York, to the Susquehannah, 75 miles, and is also approaching its completion. A rail-road from the northern part of the Eastern Shore to Pocomoke Bay, is about to be constructed, and the State has voted 1,000,000 dollars towards its execution.

Maryland is divided into nineteen counties, of which eight are on the Eastern, and eleven on the Western Shore. In 1820, the population of the Eastern Shore was 121,617; in 1830, it had sunk to 119,472; that of the Western Shore, on the other hand, had increased from 275,733, to 327,568. Of the whole population, amounting to 447,040, 155,932 were blacks. The number of slaves had lessened, from 111,502 in 1810, to 102,932 in 1830.

POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.

In 1660, 12,000; in 1676, 16,000; in 1701, 25,000; in 1733, 36,000; in 1749, 85,000; in 1755, 108,000; in 1763, 70,000 whites.

1820 to 1830,

39,563 102,878

Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 147,315; white Females, 143,778; deaf and dumb, 131; blind, 156. Total, whites, 291,093. Free Coloured Males, 34,920; Females, 28,022. Total, 52,942. SlavesMales, 53,429; Females, 49,449, Total, 102,878.

Baltimore, the principal city of the State, and, in point of population, the third in the Union, stands on an arm of Patapsco Bay, about 14 miles from the Chesapeake, and 200 from the sea, by the ship channel. The harbour is capacious and safe, and consists of an inner basin, into which vessels of 200 tons can enter, and an outer harbour, at Fell's Point, accessible to the largest merchant-ships. The entrance is commanded and defended by Fort M'Henry. Baltimore possesses nearly the whole trade of Maryland, that of part of Western Virginia and Pennsylvania, and the Western States, and its inland communication has been extended and facilitated, by the construction of the Baltimore and Ohio rail-road. Manufactures of cotton, woollen, paper, powder, alum, chrome yellow, pottery, &c., are also carried on in the city and neighbourhood. Baltimore is the greatest flour market in the world; the quantity of flour inspected in 1835, amounted to 516,600 bbls. and 21,333 half-barrels, with 1405 hhds. and 4301 barrels of Indian corn meal, and 4807 barrels of rye flour. Its foreign trade has, however, somewhat declined; its shipping amounted, in 1833, to 59,870 tons. The number of banks, in 1834, was ten, with a capital of about 7,000,000 dollars. The public buildings are, 45 churches, two hospitals, a penitentiary, exchange, the college and university halls, &c. The Battle Monument, erected in memory of the successful defence of the city, when attacked by the British, in 1814, is an elegant marble obelisk, 35 feet high, on which are inscribed the names of those who fell in that gallant affair. The Washington Monument is the most splendid structure of the kind in the country; it is a Doric column of white marble, with a circular

staircase inside, by which you ascend to the top; the column is 140 feet in height, and 20 feet in diameter at bottom; it stands upon a base 23 feet high, and is surmounted by a colossal statue of the Father of his Country. The Exchange is a large and handsome edifice, 366 feet by 140; the Roman Catholic Cathedral is, perhaps, the finest church in the country, and it contains some good paintings. The citizens of Baltimore are not more distinguished for their bold and persevering enterprise, than for hospitality and agreeable manners. In 1765, there were not more than fifty houses on the site of the city; in 1800, the population had increased to 23,971; in 1820, to 62,738; and in 1830, to 80,625.

The city of Annapolis, agreeably situated on the Severn, three miles from Chesapeake Bay, is the capital of the State. It is regularly laid out, with the streets diverging from the State-House and the Episcopal church. The StateHouse is a handsome building, in which the Old Congress held some of their sessions, and the Senate Chamber, in which Washington resigned his commission, has been preserved unaltered; here is likewise the State library of 10,000 volumes. Annapolis is also the seat of St. John's College. The channel to the city is narrow and difficult. Population, 2623. Frederick city, 47 miles west of Baltimore, is, in point of wealth, elegance, and population, the second city in Maryland. A branch of the Baltimore and Ohio rail-road terminates here. The population of this flourishing place is 7255. North-west from Frederick city and near the north line of the State, is Hagerstown, a well-built and flourishing town, containing the usual county buildings, several churches and academies, and population of 3371 souls. Williamsport, at the mouth of the Conococheague, is a flourishing village, on the route of the Baltimore and Ohio rail-road, and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

THIS is a territory of ten miles square, under the immediate government of Congress. It is divided into two counties and three cities, the counties and cities being separate. The cities are Washington, Alexandria, and Georgetown; the counties, Washington and Alexandria. This district lies on both sides of the Potomac, 120 miles from its mouth, between Maryland and Virginia, and was ceded to the general government by those States in 1790. The seat of government of the United States was established within its limits in 1800. It has never yet been represented in Congress. The population of the District amounted, in 1830, to 39,834, of which 6119 were slaves, and 6152 free blacks.

The City of Washington was laid out, under the superintendence of the great man whose name it bears, in 1791, and became the seat of government in 1800. It stands in the centre of the District, upon the north bank of the Potomac, between the river and one of its tributaries, called the East Branch. The actual city occupies a spot about a mile and a half above the junction of the two streams, although the original plan embraces the whole extent below. The plan of the city combines regularity with variety, and is adapted to the variations of the surface, so that the spaces allotted to public buildings occupy commanding positions, and the monotonous sameness of a rectangular design is avoided, while all its advantages are secured. The minor streets run at right angles, but the larger avenues diverge from several centres, intersecting the streets with various degrees of obliquity, and opening spaces for extensive squares. The smaller streets run N. and S. E. and W., and are from 90 to 110 feet wide. The grand avenues are from 130 to 160 feet in width, and are planted with trees. Several of the largest unite at the hill on which the capital is situated. These bear the names of the several States of the Union.

Washington is the residence of the President of the United States, and of the other chief executive officers of the Federal Government, and of foreign ministers to the United States. The Congress meets here annually on the first Monday of December; and the Supreme Federal Court also holds its annual sessions

here.

The population of the City is 18,827, including 3129 free blacks, and 2319 slaves; but during the session of Congress the City is thronged with visiters from all parts of the world. The buildings which it contains are in three distinct parts; one portion being in the neighbourhood of the Navy-Yard, another in that of the Capitol, and another in the Pennsylvania Avenue, which extends from the Capitol to the President's House. The City presents the appearance of a group of villages; the spaces between the inhabited parts not being occupied or marked

out.

The Capitol is a large and magnificent building of white freestone, 352 feet long, in the shape of a cross, with the Representatives' Hall and the Senate Chamber in the two wings, and a spacious rotunda in the centre. The Representatives' Hall is semicircular, 95 feet in length, and 60 in height, lighted from the top, and adorned with a colonnade of pillars of breccia, beautifully polished; it is one of the most elegant halls in the world. The Senate Chamber is of the same shape, and 74 feet long. The Rotunda is 96 feet in diameter, and is 96 feet high to the top of the dome within. It is all of marble, and the floor is beautifully paved; the whole has a most grand and imposing effect. Several pieces of sculpture are placed in niches in the walls, representing events in American history. The sound of a single voice uttered in this apartment is echoed from the dome above with a rumbling like distant thunder. The National Library is contained in the Capitol, and embraces also a series of national paintings by Trumbull.

The President's House, also of freestone, is two stories high, with a lofty basement, and it has a front of 180 feet, adorned with an Ionic portico; it is surrounded by extensive grounds. On each side are the four offices of the executive departments; the War Office contains a gallery of Indian portraits, and the State Office several interesting original papers, as the Declaration of Independence, Washington's Commission, &c. There are also here an Arsenal and a Navy-Yard, with a City Hall, an Hospital, Penitentiary, 20 Churches, the Halls of Columbia College, &c. A branch of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal terminates in the City. Georgetown is about three miles west of the Capitol, and is pleasantly situated, commanding a prospect of the river, the neighbouring city, and the diversified country in the vicinity. The houses are chiefly of brick, and there are many elegant villas in different parts. The Catholic College here is a respectable institution. Georgetown is a thriving place, and has considerable commerce; but the navigation of the river is obstructed by a bar just below the town; here is also a cannon foundery. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal reaches the Potomac at this place. Population, 3441. The city of Alexandria, six miles below Washington, on the opposite side of the Potomac, which is here a mile wide and from 30 to 50 feet deep, carries on an extensive trade in flour, tobacco, &c., and is actively engaged in the valuable shad and herring fisheries of the river. The city is regularly laid out, and prettily situated at the foot of green and gently swelling hills: and it has a good harbour, with commodious wharves, accessible to the largest ships; the shipping of the port is 9600 tons. Here are a High School, a girls' boardingschool, under the charge of the Sisters of Charity, an Orphan Asylum, nine Churches, several tanneries, engine manufactories, founderies, cotton-mills, &c.; population, 8263.

SOUTHERN STATES.

THE States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida Territory, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, are those usually termed the Southern States: the whole region extends from the Potomac to the Sabine River: its coasts are washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, and it is in area about 420,000 square miles, with a population of 3,744,000 souls.

The tract of country in the Southern States bordering on the Atlantic, is a low sandy plain, from 50 to 100 miles broad, and, in general, covered with pine forests. Beyond this, towards the Alleghanies, it becomes elevated and hilly, and then mountainous. Those portions of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, which bor