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STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA.

NORTH CAROLINA is bounded on the north by Virginia, east by the Atlantic Ocean, south by South Carolina, and west by Tennessee. Length 362 miles, and breadth 121 miles; area, 43,800 square miles. The country, for more than 60 miles from the coast, is a low plain, with many swamps and inlets from the sea. The greater portion of this district, except along the water-courses, is a vast forest of evergreens. The rich lands near the swamps and rivers are insalubrious. Having passed this monotonous region, we emerge to the pleasant and mild parts of the State, at the base of the Alleghanies, from whose summits the eye traverses an immense extent of beautiful country to the west, and vision is lost in the agreeable succession of hill, dale, forest, and valley, with an elastic and salubrious atmosphere.

In the western part of the State the Blue Ridge, which forms the separating line between the waters of the Atlantic and the Mississippi, attains an elevation of about 5500 feet. The western boundary of the State is formed by the prolongation of the same ridge; its different parts are known by various local names, one of which, the Black Mountain, has been recently ascertained to be the most lofty in the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains; its height is 6476 feet, or 48 feet more elevated than Mt. Washington, in New Hampshire: another summit of the Blue Ridge, the Roan Mountains, is 6038 feet in height, forming on its top a broad level meadow, of considerable extent. The tract between the two ridges is an elevated table-land, from 2000 to 2500 feet above the sea.

North Carolina abounds in considerable rivers, but enjoys few facilities for navigation in proportion to the number and size of the streams, which are shallow or broken in their course, or lose themselves in lagoons difficult of access, or are obstructed by bars. The Chowan, which is formed by the junction of the Meherrin and Nottoway, flows into Albemarle Sound, and admits small vessels to Murfreesboro'. The Roanoke also empties itself into the same shallow basin. The Tar River and the Neuse both flow into Pamplico Sound: the first is navigable 90 miles, to Tarboro', and the latter to Kingston. Cape Fear River, the principal stream, which has its whole course within the State, rising on the northern border, pursues a south-easterly course of 280 miles; and at Cape Fear, the Waecamaw, the Lumber, and Yadkin, which take the names of the Little and Great Pedee, and the Catawba, which rises in the Blue Ridge, all flow into South Carolina; while the French, Broad, Little Tennessee, Hiwassee, and New River, descend in an opposite direction from the same mountain.

The swamps are a striking feature in the eastern part of the State. The Great Dismal Swamp lies in the north-eastern part and extends into Virginia. It is 30 miles in length and 10 in breadth. In the centre, on the Virginia side, is Lake Drummond, 15 miles in circuit; a canal is carried through it from Norfolk to Albemarle Sound. Between Albemarle and Pamplico Sound is another, called Alligator or Little Dismal Swamp; this has been partly drained, by means of a canal, and the land rendered fit for the cultivation of rice. These swamps have a clay bottom, over which lies a thick stratum of vegetable compost. The drained lands are found to be exceedingly fertile.

The pine forests of North Carolina, which cover nearly the whole of the eastern part of the State, yield not only much lumber for exportation, but also nearly all the resinous matter used in ship-building in this country. The resinous products are turpentine, spirits of turpentine, rosin, tar, and pitch; turpentine is merely the sap of the tree obtained by making an incision in the bark; the turpentine flows out in drops, which fall into a box placed to receive them.

Among the mineral productions, the most important appear to be gold and iron. The gold region of North Carolina embraces the section on both sides of the Blue Ridge, and extends to the east of the Yadkin. The deposite or surface mines are the most easily worked, but the vein mines are the most durable. In almost any part of this district, gold may be found in greater or less abundance mixed with the soil. It exists in grains or masses from almost imperceptible particles, to pieces of one or two pounds weight; one of the largest lumps ever found, was

dug up in Cabarras county-it was worth between 7 and 8000 dollars. Lumps from the value of 1 or 200 to 1000 dollars, are not uncommon. There are innumerable diggings over the whole country, and a host of adventurers, relinquishing all other employments, are digging the hill-sides for gold. The opening of the mines indubitably proves that they were known in past ages; crucibles and other mining instruments have been repeatedly discovered under circumstances to preclude the possibility of their having been left there by descendants of the Euro

pean races.

The great diversity of climate between the eastern lowlands and the western high country, produces a corresponding diversity in the agricultural productions of the two sections; while the former yields cotton, rice, and indigo, the more northern grains and fruits thrive in the latter, which yields wheat, Indian-corn, tobacco, and hemp. The cotton crop of North Carolina is about 30,000 bales. Manufactures can hardly be said to exist, except in the shape of household industry; and the dangers of the coast, and the want of good harbours, carry the trade of North Carolina chiefly through Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee. Nor has much been done in this State towards extending the facilities for transportation, although the most important productions are of a bulky character, requiring cheap and easy modes of conveyance. The Dismal Swamp Canal is partly, and its branch, the Northwest Canal wholly, in this State. The Clubfoot and Harlow Canal connects the Neuse with the harbour of Beaufort, and there are several side-cuts round the falls of the rivers. The Raleigh and Gaston rail-road, from the former place to the Roanoke, is in progress.

The University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, about 30 miles from Raleigh, is the principal educational institution in the State; there is a pretty large number of academies, but no system of general education has been adopted. The Methodists and Baptists are the most numerous religious sects, and there are also a good many Presbyterians and Episcopalians, with some Lutherans, Moravians, Friends, and Roman Catholics.

The State is divided into 65 counties, and contains a population of 737,987, of which 472,846 are whites, 19,540 free blacks, and 245,601 slaves.

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Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 235,954; white Females, 236,889; deaf and dumb, 230; blind, 223; aliens, 206: total whites, 472,843. Free coloured Males, 9,561; Females, 9,982: total, 19,543. SlavesMales, 124,313; Females, 121,288: total, 245,601.

Raleigh, the capital of the State, not far from the west bank of the Neuse, is a thriving town with 1700 inhabitants. A fine State-House of granite is now erecting here, in place of the one destroyed by fire in 1831, when Canova's statue of Washington was unfortunately ruined. Fayetteville is a busy and flourishing town at the head of boat navigation on Cape Fear River, with 2868 inhabitants. It contains an United States Armoury. Salem, Salisbury, and Charlotte, are small towns in this section. The last mentioned has of late rapidly increased in population and importance on account of its proximity to the gold mines, and has at present 2000 inhabitants. A mint for the coinage of gold is now erecting here. Beaufort, the only port of North Carolina directly upon the sea, admits vessels drawing 12 feet of water, and the harbour is safe and commodious; but the town is inconsiderable. Wilmington, 40 miles from the sea on Cape Fear River, is the most important commercial town of the State, and it carries on a considerable trade with the West Indies. The population is about 3000. Newbern, on the

south bank of the River Neuse, 80 miles from Pamplico Sound, is a place of some commerce, although large vessels cannot come up to the town, and the navigation is tedious and difficult for smaller craft. Newbern is pleasantly situated and well built, and, with a population of 3762 souls, is the principal town in the State. Washington and Tarboro' on the Pamplico River, Plymouth and Halifax on the Roanoke, Edenton on the Chowan, and Elizabeth on the Pasquotank, are small trading towns.

STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

THE State of South Carolina is bounded on the north and north-east by North Carolina, south-east by the Atlantic Ocean, and south-west by Georgia, from which it is separated by the Savannah river; it is in length 188 miles, by 160 in breadth, the area being about 30,000 square miles.

The rivers of South Carolina afford some considerable navigable facilities for small river craft; but in the lower part of their course they are shallow, and obstructed by bars. The principal are the Waccamaw, Pedee, Black river, Santee, Cooper, Ashley, Stono, Edisto, Ashapo, Combahee, Coosaw, Broad, and Savannah.

The harbours of this State are generally of little value; but the coast presents numerous entrances, which are accessible to small vessels, and which afford advantages for an active coasting trade. The harbour of Charleston is obstructed at the entrance by a dangerous sand-bar, and that of Georgetown will only admit small vessels. The harbour of Beaufort or Port Royal is the best in the State, and is sufficient to receive a navy, but is little frequented. Stone Inlet has nine or ten feet of water, and was used during the blockade of Charleston in 1775. St. Helena Sound is the most spacious opening for a great distance along the coast, but, although about three miles wide and ten miles long, it is too much beset with shoals to be of any great commercial value.

The sea-coast is bordered with a fine chain of islands, between which and the shore, there is a very convenient navigation. The main land is by nature divided into the lower and upper country. The low country extends 80 or 100 miles from the coast, and is covered with extensive forests of pitch-pine, called pine barrens, interspersed with swamps and marshes of a rich soil: beyond this is the sand-hill region, 60 miles in width, the sterile hills of which have been compared to the arrested waves of the sea in a storm. To this distance the broad extent of country is denominated the lower country; beyond it we approach the ridge or upper country, the Atlantic ascent of which is precipitous. From the summit stretches a fine belt of table-land, fertile and well cultivated, watered by rivers, and irrigated by smaller streams, extending from the Savannah to Broad river. The country beyond the ridge resembles in its scenery the most interesting of the northern States. The traveller is gratified by the pleasant alternation of hill and dale, the lively verdure of the hills is contrasted with the deeper tints of the extensive forests which decorate their sides, and in the valleys broad rivers roll their streams through the varied beauties of luxuriant and cultivated fields. The ascent hence to the mountains is gradual and imperceptible. A number of mountains of striking forms, here swell with their peaks to a very considerable elevation. Table Mountain is the most conspicuous; its summit is supposed to be 4000 feet above the level of the sea.

The low country is infested with many of the diseases which spring from a warm, moist, and unelastic atmosphere. Of these, the most frequent are fevers, from which the inhabitants suffer more than from any, or perhaps from all other diseases together. The districts of the upper country enjoy as salubrious a climate as any part of the United States. During the most unhealthful period of the year, it is customary for the wealthy South Carolinians to seek relaxation in a tour

through the northern States, or in a sojourn at some of the watering-places in the upland country.

The staple commodities of this State are cotton and rice, of which great quantities are annually exported.

The cotton crop of South Carolina is about 66 millions of pounds, of which a part is the much-prized long staple, or sea island kind. Rice, first introduced in 1693, is raised only in the low country, where the immense swamps in which it is grown may be easily irrigated, by means of the rise of the tide in the rivers. The rice exported from the United States, chiefly the produce of South Carolina, varies from 120,000 to 175,000 tierces, of the value of from 2,000,000 to nearly 3,000,000 dollars. Indigo was for some time one of the staples of this State; its cultivation was introduced in the middle of the last century, and at the breaking out of the revolutionary war, about 1,000,000 pounds were exported annually; but toward the close of the century the price was so much lowered by large importations from the East Indies into England, that it gave way to cotton, which is raised on the same lands.

There are no manufactures of any importance in South Carolina, but the commerce of the State is necessarily extensive; it consists in the exports of her own raw produce, including rice, cotton, tar, pitch, turpentine, and lumber, and of large quantities of the productions of Georgia and North Carolina, and in the import of manufactured articles, wines, tropical fruits, &c., for home consumption. The region in which gold is found extends through this State. Although the mines are abundant, the diggings have been less numerous than in North Carolina. Various ochres, used in painting, are found near Yorkville. Marble, limestone, iron and lead ore, potters' clay, fullers' earth, nitrous earth, talc, and most of the useful fossils, are common.

Free schools for poor children have been established throughout the State; and, in the beginning of 1833, 8390 children were instructed, in 817 schools, at a charge of 37,000 dollars. There is a considerable number of useful and respectable academies; the Charleston College in Charleston, and the College of South Carolina at Columbia, are valuable institutions; the latter has a library of 10,000 volumes, and has been liberally endowed by the State. There are three medical schools in Charleston, a Presbyterian Theological Seminary at Columbia, a Lutheran Theological Seminary at Lexington, and a Baptist Theological Seminary at the High Hills. The prevailing religious sects are Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians; there are also many Episcopalians and Lutherans, and some Roman Catholics.

Several useful canals have been constructed in this State, but none of them is of great extent; the Santee canal extends from the head of sloop navigation on Cooper's River, 34 miles from Charleston, to the river Santee, a distance of 22 miles, and forms the channel to the sea for large quantities of the produce of the upper country. The Charleston and Augusta rail-road, extending from the former city to Hamburg on the Savannah, opposite Augusta, 135 miles in length, is the longest work of the kind yet constructed. Another great work is now projected, and the necessary reconnoissance has proved its practicability. This is the Charleston and Cincinnati rail-road, which will pass through Columbia, up the valley of the Broad River into North Carolina, surmount the Blue Ridge by inclined planes, and follow down the valley of the French Broad River, to Knoxville, whence it will be continued through Lexington to the Ohio river; the estimated cost is 10,000,000 dollars; whole distance, 600 miles.

South Carolina is divided into 29 districts, which are subdivided for local objects into parishes. Of the whole population, amounting to 581,185, the whites are 257,864, and the slaves 315,401; there are also 7920 free blacks; the blacks are therefore considerably more numerous than the whites, and as they are unequally distributed, their numerical superiority is still greater in the low country, where they are to the whites as three to one; in the hilly country, the whites are rather the most numerous, and in the western part of the State there are nearly three whites to one black.

POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS

In 1701, 7000; in 1749, 30,000; in 1750, 64,000; in 1765, 40,000 whites, and 90,000 coloured.

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Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 130,590; white Females, 127,273; deaf and dumb, 174; blind, 102; aliens, 489. Total whites, 257,878. Free coloured Males, 3672; Females, 4249. Total, 7921. SlavesMales, 165,625; Females, 160,040. Total slaves, 315,365.

Charleston, the principal city of South Carolina, and the only considerable city in the Atlantic States south of the Potomac, stands on a point of land between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, six miles from the ocean. The city is regularly laid out, with streets running east and west from Ashley to Cooper River, and others intersecting them nearly at right angles, from north to south. It is also in general well built. Among the public buildings are 19 churches, the City Hall, Exchange, two Arsenals, Theatre, College Halls, Alms-House, Orphan Asylum, &c.; the City Library contains about 15,000 volumes, and the Orphan Asylum supports and educates 150 destitute children. The city is healthier than the surrounding country, and the planters from the low country, and many opulent West Indians, spend the summer here. Its commerce is extensive, comprising nearly the whole of that of the State, and its shipping amounts to 13,244 tons. The population increased from 18,711, in 1800, to 30,289 in 1830, of which number 12,928 were whites; including the Neck, which is adorned with numerous plantations in a high state of cultivation, the population may be stated to exceed 40,000 souls. The approach to the city is defended by Fort Moultrie, on Sulli van's Island, at the mouth of the harbour, and by Castle Pinckney opposite the extreme point of the city within.

Columbia, the capital of the State, is pleasantly situated on the Congaree, below the junction of the Saluda and Broad Rivers. It is regularly laid out with very wide streets, and is a neatly built town with 3310 inhabitants. It contains a handsome State-House, a Lunatic Asylum, the Halls of South Carolina College, and several churches. Granby is a little town on the opposite side of the river. Camden is a place of some trade, situated on a rising ground on the Wateree, with about 1500 inhabitants.

Beaufort, to the south of Charleston, is a little town on Port Royal Island, about 16 miles from the sea, with a fine harbour, which is little used. Georgetown, to the north on Winyaw Bay, being the depôt of an extensive and wellcultivated district, has considerable trade, but is not accessible to vessels drawing more than 11 feet of water. It is, however, unhealthy, and during the autumn, many of the inhabitants resort to North Island at the mouth of the bay. Cheraw is also a small trading town on the Pedee near the North Carolina line.

In the middle country, Orangeburg, Hamburg, Camden, and Columbia, are the principal towns. Hamburg derives its importance from its being the inland terminus of the rail-road from Charleston to the Savannah River.

STATE OF GEORGIA.

GEORGIA is bounded north by Tennessee and North Carolina, north-east by South Carolina, and south-east by the Atlantic Ocean, south by Florida, and west by Alabama. Length, 300 miles; breadth, 200; area, 58,000 square miles. The principal rivers of Georgia are the Savannah, (which forms the boundary between

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