machine factories, copperas works, several tanneries, and saw and flour-mills, a chemical laboratory, &c., with a population of 2937 souls. Cleveland, the most important lake-port of Ohio, stands on an elevated plain at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River and of the Ohio Canal. Its harbour has been secured by artificial piers, and is commodious and easy of access. The population in 1830 was 1076; in 1835 it amounted to 4200, exclusive of the little village of Brooklyn on the opposite side of the river, which contained 1000 inhabitants. The number of arrivals in 1835 were 895 lake-vessels and 980 steam-boats, amounting to about 270,000 tons. The amount of canal tolls paid here in the same year was 72,718 dollars. Huron, a thriving little town further west, is the depôt of a very rich and flourishing district, and Norwalk, in its rear, situated in a highly fertile country, contains some manufacturing establishments. Portland or Sandusky city is situated on a fine bay, with a good harbour, and is a busy and growing place. These villages have each about 1000 inhabitants. Perrysburg, at the head of steam-boat navigation on the Maumee, is prettily situated upon a high bank below the falls of the river; its situation combines great advantages both for navigation and manufactures, and the completion of the Wabash and Erie Canal will give it new importance. Toledo, formerly Fort Lawrence, is a flourishing town, further down the river, with 2000 inhabitants. Dayton, on the Miami, at the junction of the Mad River which furnishes a great number of mill-seats, is a rapidly growing town, in a highly productive region. It carries on an active trade by the Miami Canal, and it contains numerous saw and grist-mills, several woollen and cotton factories, an oil-mill, and other manufactories. Population, in 1830, 2954; in 1835, 3800. COMMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY. KENTUCKY is bounded on the north by the Ohio river, which separates it from the States of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois; east by Virginia, south by Tennessee, and west by the Mississippi, which separates it from the State of Missouri; the greatest length is about 400 miles, breadth 170, area 40,500 square miles. The principal rivers of Kentucky are the Ohio, which flows along the State 637 miles, following its windings; the Mississippi, Tennessee, Cumberland, Kentucky, Green, Licking, Big Sandy, Salt, and Rolling. Cumberland Mountains form the south-east boundary of this State. The eastern counties, bordering on Virginia, are mountainous and broken. A tract from 5 to 20 miles wide, along the banks of the Ohio, is hilly and broken land, interspersed with many fertile valleys. Between this strip, Green river, and the eastern counties, lies what has been called the garden of the State. This is the most populous part, and is about 150 miles long, and from 50 to 100 wide. The surface of this district is agreeably undulating, and the soil black and friable, producing black walnut, black cherry, honey locust, buckeye, pawpaw, sugar-tree, mulberry, elm, ash, cotton-wood, and white thorn. The whole State, below the mountains, rests on an immense bed of limestone, usually about eight feet below the surface. There are everywhere apertures in this limestone, through which the waters of the rivers sink into the earth. The large rivers of Kentucky, for this reason, are more diminished during the dry season, than those of any other part of the United States, and the small streams entirely disappear. The banks of the rivers are natural curiosities; the rivers having generally worn very deep channels in the calcareous rocks over which they flow. The precipices formed by Kentucky river are in many places awfully sublime, presenting perpendicular rocks of 300 feet of solid limestone, surmounted with a steep and difficult ascent, four times as high. In the south-west part of the State, between Green river and the Cumberland, there are several wonderful caves. The principal productions of Kentucky are hemp, tobacco, wheat, and Indian Salt springs are numerous, and supply not only this State, but a great part of Ohio and Tennessee, with this mineral. The principal manufactures are cloth, corn. spirits, cordage, salt, and maple-sugar. Hemp, tobacco, and wheat, are the principal exports. These are carried down the Ohio and Mississippi to New Orleans, and foreign goods received from the same place in return. Louisville, on the Ohio, is the centre of this trade. The introduction of steam-boat navigation on the Ohio has been of incalculable benefit to the commercial and manufacturing interests of Kentucky. In addition to the important commerce with New Orleans, by the channel of the Mississippi river, Kentucky has intimate commercial relations with the chief cities on the Atlantic seaboard. The Ohio and Mississippi are the chief theatres of Kentucky commerce, but the New York and Pennsylvania canals are also crowded with its materials. Some important works have been executed for the purpose of extending the facilities of transportation afforded by the natural channels. Of these the most magnificent is the Louisville and Portland canal, passing round the falls of the Ohio; for, although only a mile and a half in length, it is 200 feet wide at the surface and 50 feet at the bottom, and from the peculiar difficulties encountered in its construction, is estimated to be equivalent to about 75 miles of ordinary canals; it has four locks, capable of admitting steam-boats of the largest class, and a total lockage of 22 feet; it is constructed in the most solid and durable manner, and the cost of construction was 750,000 dollars. The Lexington and Ohio rail-road extends from Lexington to Louisville, 90 miles. In 1835 a board of commissioners was created for the purpose of improving the navigable streams of the State, and establishing a permanent system of internal improvement. No system of popular education has been adopted by this State, but in many of the counties common schools are supported. There are also several respectable academies and six colleges in the State; these are, Transylvania University, at Lexington, with law and medical departments, the oldest collegiate institution in the Western States; Centre College, founded by the Presbyterians at Danville; Augusta College, instituted by the Methodists; St. Joseph's College, a Roman Catholic establishment, at Bardstown; Cumberland College, at Princeton; and Georgetown College, in the town of the name. There are also an Episcopalian Theological Seminary at Lexington, a Medical College at Louisville, and a Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Danville. The predominant religious sects are the Baptists and Methodists; the Presbyterians are also numerous, and there is a considerable number of Roman Catholics and Episcopalians. Kentucky is divided into 83 counties. POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. In 1790, 73,677 1800, 220,959 1810, 406,511 1820, 564,317 1830, 688,844 INCREASE. SLAVES. INCREASE. 12,430 43,344 30,914 80,561 37,217 From 1790 to 1800, ....147,282 Of the above population there were, white Males, 268,024; white Females, 250,654; deaf and dumb, 283; blind, 156; aliens, 173. Total whites, 518,678. Free coloured Males, 2559; Females, 2257. Total, 4816. Slaves-Males, 82,231; Females, 83,119. Total, 165,350. Lexington, the oldest town in the State, and for many years the seat of government, is beautifully situated in the centre of the rich tract above described. The streets are spacious, well paved, and regularly laid out, and the houses and public buildings are remarkable for neatness and elegance. Fine shade trees border and adorn many of the streets, and the principal mansion-houses of the citizens are surrounded by extensive grounds ornamented with noble trees and luxuriant shrubbery. The halls of Transylvania University, the State Lunatic Asylum, eleven churches, &c., are among the public buildings. There are here several large cotton and woollen manufactories, machine-shope, rope-works, cotton-bagging factories, &c. In 1830 the population was 6104. Frankfort, the capital, stands on the right bank of the Kentucky river, in a highly picturesque situation; the site of the town is an alluvial bottom, above which the river hills rise abruptly to the height of upwards of 200 feet, giving a bold, wild character to the scenery, which contrasts finely with the quiet, rural beauty of the town itself. Steam-boats go up to Frankfort, 60 miles from the mouth of the river, and keel-boats much higher. The State-House is a handsome edifice, built of white marble taken from the banks of the river, and there is here a penitentiary, conducted on the Auburn plan. The population is 1680. Louisville, the principal city of Kentucky, and in point of wealth, trade, and population, one of the most important towns beyond the mountains, is finely situated on an extensive and gently sloping plain, at the mouth of Beargrass creek, and above the falls of the Ohio. The Louisville and Portland canal enables large steam-boats to reach Louisville at all stages of the water. Louisville carries on the most extensive trade of any of the western towns, many thousands of flat-boats arriving here yearly from all parts of the upper Ohio, and steam-boats arriving and departing daily in every direction. The population of Louisville, which in 1800 amounted to 600 souls, had increased in 1835 to 19,968. The manufactures are various and extensive, comprising cotton-yarn and stuffs, iron, cotton-bagging, cordage, hats, &c. The town is well built and regularly laid out, with spacious, straight, and well-paved streets, running parallel to the river, intersected by others meeting them at right angles, and the landing is convenient for boats. There is a Nautical Asylum for disabled boatmen at Louisville. Portland is a growing little village at the lower end of the canal. Maysville is the first considerable town of Kentucky which is passed in descending the river Ohio. It is the depôt of the upper part of the State, and its trade is pretty extensive; it has also some manufactures. The population in 1830 was 2040, but it has since probably doubled. Maysville occupies a narrow, but somewhat elevated bottom, at the mouth of Limestone creek, which affords a harbour for boats. Newport and Covington are thriving towns, situated on the opposite banks of the Licking river, and opposite to Cincinnati; they are the seats of some manufacturing industry, as well as of an active trade, and contained together, in 1835, about 4000 inhabitants. At Newport there is an United States Arsenal. About 20 miles south-west is the celebrated Big Bone Lick, which is much resorted to by invalids in the warm season. STATE OF TENNESSEE. TENNESSEE is bounded on the north by Kentucky; east by North Carolina; south by Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi; and west by Arkansas Territory, from which it is separated by the Mississippi River. It is 430 miles long, and 104 broad, and contains 40,000 square miles. The principal rivers are Mississippi, Tennessee, Cumberland, Clinch, Duck, Holston, French-Broad, Nolichucky, Hiwassee, Tellico, Reelfoot, Obion, Forked Deer, Wolf, and Elk River. Tennessee is washed by the great river Mississippi on the west, and the fine rivers Tennessee and Cumberland pass through it in very serpentine courses. West Tennessee lying between the Mississippi and the Tennessee Rivers, is a level or slightly undulating plain: east of this section is Middle Tennessee, of a moderately hilly surface. The eastern part of the State adjoining North Carolina, is known by the name of East Tennessee: it abounds in mountains, many of them lofty, and presenting scenery peculiarly grand and picturesque. Of these mountains the Cumberland, or great Laurel Ridge, is the most remarkable. Stone, Iron, Bald, Smoky, or Unaka mountains, join each other, and form, in a direction nearly north-east and south-west, the eastern boundary of the State. The soil in a country so uneven must be very various. The western part of the State has a black, rich soil; in the middle are great quantities of excellent land; in the eastern, part of the mountains are barren, but there are many fertile valleys. The climate is generally healthful. In East Tennessee, the heat is so tempered by the mountain air on one side, and by refreshing breezes from the Gulf of Mexico on the other, that this part of the State has one of the most desirable climates in North America. The middle part resembles Kentucky in climate. The great business of the State is agriculture. The soil produces abundantly cotton and tobacco, which are the staple commodities. The inhabitants also raise a plentiful supply of grain, grass, and fruit. They export cotton, tobacco, and flour, in considerable quantities; also saltpetre, and many other articles. The principal commerce is carried on through the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, and from them through the Ohio and Mississippi to New Orleans. This State also supplies Kentucky, Ohio, &c. with cotton for inland manufactures; and from East Tennessee considerable numbers of cattle are sent to the sea-ports on the Atlantic. The most valuable mineral products of Tennessee are iron, gold, coal, and salt. Gold is found in the south-eastern section, but it has not been systematically worked. Iron occurs throughout the State east of the Tennessee; there is a considerable number of furnaces in East Tennessee, and in Middle Tennessee alone the number of furnaces, in 1835, was 27, producing about 27,000 tons of metal annually; there are also several rolling-mills and nail-factories in this section. Coal is found in the Cumberland Mountains of excellent quality and in great quantities; it is carried from Crab Orchard Mountain, near Emery's River, down the Tennessee to New Orleans, a distance of about 1700 miles. Good marble, marl, buhr-stone, nitrous earth, and other useful minerals are found, and there are some valuable mineral springs. Various plans have been proposed for connecting different parts of Tennessee with the sea-board sections of the Union; the eastern part of the State will probably soon have an outlet in that direction by means of the projected rail-road from Knoxville to Charleston, forming part of the great Ohio and Charleston railroad. Surveys have been made by which the practicability has been ascertained of a passage over the mountains, both from North Carolina towards Knoxville, and from Georgia towards the Tennessee river, in the southern part of the State; another great work is in actual progress from New Orleans to Nashville, of upwards of 500 miles in extent, which will ensure an expeditious transit at all seasons between the extreme and intermediate points, and several other local works of the same kind are in contemplation. The State has a school fund, the interest of which is distributed to such school districts as provide a school-house, but little has yet been done towards the establishment of a common school system throughout the State. There are here several respectable academies, and five collegiate institutions: Nashville University at Nashville, East Tennessee College at Knoxville, Greenville College at Greenville, Jackson College near Columbia, and Washington College in Washington County; there is also a Theological Seminary at Maryville. The Methodists and Baptists are the most numerous religious bodies in Tennessee; the Presbyterians are also numerous, and there are some Episcopalians, Lutherans, Friends, &c. Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 275,068; white Females, 260,680; deaf and dumb, 208; blind, 176; aliens, 121: total whites, 535,748. Free coloured Males, 2330; Females, 2225: total, 4555. SlavesMales, 70,216; Females, 71,387: total, 141,603. Nashville, the capital, and the only considerable city of the State, is pleasantly situated on the southern bank of the Cumberland, in a fertile and picturesque tract. The site is elevated and uneven, and the town is well built, containing, beside some elegant dwelling-houses, the Court-House, a Lunatic Asylum, a Peni tentiary conducted on the Auburn system, the Halls of Nashville University, six churches, &c. The trade is active and pretty extensive, and there are some manufactories, comprising several brass and iron-founderies, rolling-mills, tanneries, &c. The population increased from 5566, in 1830, to above 7000 in 1835. Clarksville, below Nashville, is a thriving little town. Franklin, to the south of Nashville, is a busy town with 1500 inhabitants, who carry on some branches of mechanical and manufacturing industry pretty extensively. Knoxville, having only 1500 inhabitants, stands on a hilly site, on the right bank of the Holston River, and was for some time the seat of government, and a place of considerable trade; its commercial importance, however, has of late much diminished. It contains the Halls of East Tennessee College, a useful and flourishing institution. The other towns of this section, Blountville, Jonesboro, Rogersville, and Maryville, are little villages of 500 or 600 inhabitants. In the southern part of the State, Winchester, Fayetteville, at the head of navigation on the Elk River, and Pulaski, are thriving little towns; the last mentioned has 1200 inhabitants, and the two others about 800 each. Columbia, on the Duck River, is one of the most flourishing towns in the State, and has about 1500 inhabitants; it is the seat of Jackson College. Murfreesboro, for some time the capital of the State, is pleasantly situated in a very rich and highly cultivated district, and it has a population of 1000. Bolivar, at the head of navigation, on the Hatchee, a very growing and busy town; Randolph, on the second Chickasaw Bluff, below the mouth of the Big Hatchee River, with a good harbour for steamboats in all stages of the water, and conveniently placed for the outlet of a productive region; and Memphis, at the fourth Chickasaw Bluff, with one of the best sites for a commercial emporium on the Mississippi, are all small towns, but of growing business and importance. The Chickasaw Bluffs, or points where the river-hills reach the river, presenting sites above the reach of the floods, are four in number; the first, being below the mouth of the Forked Deer River, is the site of Fulton; the second has been mentioned as that of Randolph; the third, 18 miles below, is separated from the main channel of the river by a bayou or slough, which is only navigable in times of high water; and the fourth is the site of Memphis. The next similar highland below is at Vicksburg, 365 miles by the course of the river. The bluff on which Memphis stands is 30 feet above the highest floods, and its base is washed by the river for a distance of three miles, while a bed of sand-stone, the only known stratum of rocks below the Ohio, juts into the stream and forms a convenient landing. From the Ohio to Vicksburg, a distance of 650 miles, it is the only site for a great commercial mart on either bank of the Mississippi. STATE OF INDIANA. THE State of Indiana is bounded on the north by Michigan and Lake Michigan; east by Ohio; south by the Ohio River, which separates it from Kentucky, and west by Illinois, from which it is separated in part by the Wabash River. The mean length is about 260, and mean breadth 140 miles; area, about 36,000 square miles. The Ohio River flows along the southern extremity of this State for upwards of 350 miles, estimated by the course of the stream. The principal river, besides the Ohio, is the Wabash, with its numerous branches, of which the most important are the Salamanic and Mississinewa, both entering on its southern side in the upper part of its course; from the north it receives the Little, the Eel, and Tippecanoe rivers; and from the east the White and Patoka rivers. The White River is a valuable channel for trade, as it drains the central part of the State, and has several large confluents, of which its east and west forks are the principal. In the north-west part of the State are the Kankakee and Iroquois, both head waters of the Illinois River; in the north and north-east are the Rivers St. Joseph of Lake Michigan, and the St. Joseph of Maumee; the former falls into Lake Michigan, and the latter, uniting with the St. Mary's River at Fort Wayne, forms |