the Maumee, which flows in a north-easterly direction into Lake Erie. The streams in the southern part of the State, are the White Water, a tributary of the Miami River, and Laughery, Indian, and Anderson's creeks; also, Big and Little Blue rivers, and Great and Little Pigeon creeks, all of which flow into the Ohio River.

There are no mountains in Indiana; the country, however, is more hilly than the territory of Illinois, particularly towards Ohio River. A range of hills, called the Knobs, extends from the falls of the Ohio to the Wabash, in a south-west direction, which in many places produce a broken and uneven surface. North of these hills lie the Flat Woods, 70 miles wide. Bordering on all the principal streams, except the Ohio, there are strips of bottom and prairie land; both together, from three to six miles in width. Between the Wabash and Lake Michigan, the country is mostly champaign, abounding alternately with wood-lands, prairies, lakes, and swamps.

A range of hills run parallel with the Ohio, from the mouth of the Great Miami to Blue River, alternately approaching to within a few rods, and receding to the distance of two miles. Immediately below Blue River, the hills disappear, and there is presented to view an immense tract of level land, covered with a heavy growth of timber.

The agricultural exports are beef, pork, cattle, horses, swine, Indian-corn, hemp, tobacco, &c.; ginseng, bees'-wax, feathers, and whiskey are also exported, but we have no means of estimating the value of the trade. There are some grist and saw-mills, a few iron furnaces, and some salt-works, but the manufacturing industry is inconsiderable.

The mineral resources of Indiana have been little attended to, and our knowledge of some of them is but imperfect. Coal, iron, lime, salt, &c., are known to abound.

The Wabash and Erie Canal, from Lafayette to Perrysburg in Ohio, lies chiefly in this State, the distance from Lafayette to the Ohio line being 130 miles; a considerable portion of the work is completed, and the remainder is in progress; it is executed by the State. In 1836, an appropriation of 1,300,000 dollars was made for continuing this work to Terre Haute, 90 miles, and thence to the Central Canal, 40 miles; at the same time 3,500,000 dollars were appropriated for the construction of the Central or White River Canal, from the Wabash and Erie Canal above Loganport through Indianapolis, down the White River and Pigeon Creek, to Evansville, on the Ohio, 290 miles; and 1,400,000 for the Whitewater Canal, to extend through Connersville, down the valley of the Whitewater, to Lawrenceburg on the Ohio, 76 miles; further appropriations were also made of 50,000 dollars to aid Illinois in removing obstructions to the navigation of the Wabash; of 1,300,000 for the making of the Madison and Lafayette Rail-road, from the Ohio through Indianapolis to the Wabash, 160 miles; of 1,150,000 for a Macadamized road from New Albany, on the Ohio, to Vincennes, and of 1,300,000 for a turnpike or rail-road from the same place to Crawfordsville, near the Upper Wabash, 158 miles. The Lawrenceburg and Indianapolis Rail-road is in process of construction by a private company, which has received assistance from the State; length 90 miles. The National Road passes from the Ohio line through Indianapolis, but is not yet completed.

The current of immigration has flowed steadily into Indiana during the last 15 years, and its population has accordingly increased with great rapidity; in 1800, it amounted to 5641; in 1810, to 24,520; in 1820, to 147,178; in 1830, to 341,582; and in an official document it was estimated at the close of 1835 to amount to 600,000. Most of the inhabitants are from Ohio, and the Middle and Northern States; but there are many immigrants from Kentucky and Virginia, as well as from foreign countries.

The same provision has been made by Congress for the support of common schools, that has been made in the other new States, but no efficient system of general education has yet been adopted; the Constitution makes it "the duty of the General Assembly, as soon as circumstances shall permit, to provide by law for a general system of education, ascending in a regular gradation, from town

ship schools to a State university, wherein tuition shall be gratis, and equally open to all." Indiana College at Bloomington, South Hanover College at South Hanover, and Wabash College at Crawfordsville, are useful institutions. Academies have been established in several of the counties. The Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing religious sects; the Presbyterians and Friends are numerous, and there are Roman Catholics, Episcopalians, &c.

Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 176,513; Females, 161,507; deaf and dumb, 104; blind, 72; aliens, 280: total whites, 338,020. Free coloured Males, 1792; Females, 1770: total, 3562.

Indianapolis, the capital of the State, stands on a fine plain near the White River, and is laid out with much taste and regularity; the spacious streets are lined with neat houses, and the public buildings are handsome structures. There are Presbyterian, Methodist, and Baptist Churches, a State-House, Court-House, Governor's House, &c. The inhabitants are about 1800 in number.

Lawrenceburg, on the Ohio, just below the mouth of the Whitewater, carries on an extensive trade, but its site is so low that it is subject to inundation during very high stages of the water. Madison is a flourishing town, pleasantly situated, 60 miles below Lawrenceburg, with about 2000 inhabitants. Vevay is a little village, settled by a Swiss colony, with about 1000 inhabitants. Jeffersonville, opposite Louisville, is a thriving town; it contains the State Prison. New Albany, below the falls of the Ohio, is the largest town in the State, and contains about 3000 inhabitants.

New Harmony on the Wabash was founded by the German sect called Harmonites, under the direction of Rapp; in 1824, it was bought by Owen of Lanark, who attempted to put in operation here his new social system; the scheme failed, and his followers were dispersed, but the village is now a flourishing place in other hands. Vincennes, higher up the river, is an old French settlement, formed in the beginning of the last century. The population in 1830 was 1500, but it is now rapidly increasing. Terre Haute, Lafayette, and Logansport are young, but growing centres of trade. Richmond, on the National Road, near the Ohio State line, is also a prosperous little town. The city of Michigan has lately been founded on the lake of that name, but there is no good harbour within this State, and the navigation is dangerous on account of the exposure to the winds and surf. The whole shore of the lake is lined by lofty, bare sand-hills, rising to the height of two hundred feet, with a breadth of a mile and upward, in the rear of which is a belt of sandy hillocks, covered with white-oak and pine.

STATE OF ILLINOIS.

THIS fertile and improving State is bounded north by Wisconsin Terrritory, east by Michigan and Indiana, south by Kentucky, and west by the State of Missouri and Wisconsin Territory. Its medium length is about 350 miles, and medium breadth about 170; the area being about 59,500 square miles.

The Mississippi, Ohio, and Wabash, form about two-thirds of the whole boundary of this State. The other most considerable rivers are the Illinois, Kaskaskia, Muddy, Saline, Little Wabash, Mackinaw, Crow Meadow, Rainy, Vermillion, Spoon, Rock, Sangamon, Embarras, Fox, Des Plaines, &c.

The southern and middle parts of the State are for the most part level. The

north-western section is a hilly, broken country, though there are no high mountains. The climate resembles that of Indiana and Ohio. The soil is generally very fertile, and yields abundant harvests.

Maize is the staple production of the State, and the average produce is 50 bushels to the acre. Wheat is also raised in large quantities, and yields flour of superior quality; rye is much used for distillation. Hemp, tobacco, and cotton, which is mostly consumed in household manufactures, but is also exported, the castor-oil bean, from which large quantities of oil are made for exportation, and the common grains, are also among the products. Large herds of cattle are kept with little trouble, and great numbers are driven out of the State, or sent down the river in flat-boats. Thousands of hogs are raised with little attention or expense, and pork is largely exported.

Coal, salt, and lime, iron, lead, and copper, are among the known mineral productions of Illinois, but its bosom has not yet been explored for its hidden treasures. Coal is very abundant in many quarters, and is considerably worked. Lead is found in the north-western corner of the State in exhaustless quantities: the leaddiggings extend from the Wisconsin to the neighbourhood of Rock River, and on both sides of the Mississippi. The Indians and French had been long accustomed to procure the ore, but it was not until 1822 that the process of separating the metal was begun to be carried on here. Since that time, up to the end of 1835, 70,420,357 pounds of lead have been made here, and upwards of 13,000,000 pounds have been smelted in one year; but the business having been overdone, the product has since been much less. In 1833 it was 7,941,792 pounds; in 1834, 7,971,579; and in 1835, only 3,754,290; this statement includes the produce of Wisconsin Territory as well as of Illinois. Some salt is made near Shawneetown; near Danville, on the Little Vermillion; and near Brownville, on Muddy Creek. The springs are owned by the State, and leased to the manufacturers.

The same provision has been made by Congress for the support of public schools in this as in the other new States, by the appropriation of certain proportions of the public land to this purpose. But the scattered state of the population has as yet prevented a general system of public education from being carried into operation. There are several respectable academies in the State, and Illinois College at Jacksonville, Shurtleff College at Alton, and the Alton Theological Seminary, at the same place, bid fair to be useful institutions. The Methodists and Baptists are the most numerous religious sects, and there are many Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, &c.

An important public work has lately been commenced in this State, which will effect the junction of the Mississippi and Lake Michigan: the Illinois and Chicago canal, extending from Chicago on the lake to a point below the rapids of the Illinois, a distance of about 100 miles, is in progress, forming the fourth navigable channel from the Mississippi valley to the great lakes. The part of the National Road between Terre Haute and Vandalia, is not yet completed, and that part which is to extend from Vandalia west to the Mississippi, is not yet begun. Several important rail-roads are also proposed, which, when completed, will no doubt. greatly increase the commercial prosperity of the State. The most extensive work of the kind contemplated, is to extend from Galena, in the lead-mine region, immediately south of the north line of the State, to the mouth of the Ohio. It will traverse the whole length of Illinois from north to south, and be upwards of 400 miles in length. Another will extend from Peoria, on the Illinois river, to a point on the Wabash, connecting the two rivers. One is likewise to be carried from Mount Carmel, on the Wabash river, to Alton, on the Mississippi. There are also several others of minor importance proposed.

The population of Illinois has increased with the same amazing rapidity as that of the neighbouring States. The constitution provides that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall hereafter be introduced into the State, otherwise than for the punishment of crimes; and as negroes coming into the State are required to give bonds with security, that they will not become chargeable as paupers, there are few blacks.

Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 82,202; white Females, 72,974; deaf and dumb, 64; blind, 36; aliens, 447: total whites, 155,176. Free coloured Males, 1190; Females, 1209: total coloured, 2399. Whole population, 157,575.

The most thriving town in Illinois, and the principal depôt of the State, is Chicago, on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of a small river of the same name. The canal now in progress from this place to the Illinois river, when completed will bring a vast increase of trade to Chicago, and probably render it in time one of the principal places in the Western States. The town is pleasantly situated on a high plain, on both sides of the river, which affords easy access to the centre of business. An artificial harbour has been made by the construction of piers, which, extending some distance into the lake, prevent the accumulation of sand on the bar. The country around is a high, dry, and fertile prairie, and on the north branch of the Chicago, and along the lake shore, are extensive bodies of fine timber. The town has grown up within four or five years, and contains at present six churches, a bank, 51 warehouses, a printing-office, an academy, and near 8000 inhabitants. In 1835 there were 267 arrivals of brigs and schooners, beside several of steam-boats.

Vandalia, the capital of the State, is a small town, with a population of about 500 inhabitants. It is on the route of the National Road, on the west bank of the Kaskaskia river, about 80 miles north-east of St. Louis. The buildings, public and private, are respectable, if we regard the few years which have elapsed since the site was a wilderness. It is proposed to remove the seat of the State government from Vandalia to a position farther north.

The most commercial place in this State on the Mississippi river is Alton, situated on the bluffs at the northern termination of the American Bottom, two miles and a half above the mouth of the Missouri, and eighteen below that of the Illinois. It is the western depôt of the produce of Illinois. Possessing a fine, commodious harbour, with an excellent landing for steam-boats, formed by a level rock of a convenient height, which makes a natural wharf, Alton has become the centre of an active and daily growing trade. The population at present exceeds 2000. There are here four churches, a lyceum, 2 printing-offices, and a penitentiary; and the picturesque site of the town is well set off by its neat houses, surrounded by tasteful piazzas and gay shrubbery. Upper Alton, in the rear of Alton, and about three miles distant, is the seat of Shurtleff College and a theological seminary. Edwardsville is a neat and thriving village, to the north of Alton.

Peoria is beautifully situated at the foot of the lake of that name, and on the Illinois river. It contains about 1000 inhabitants. Ottawa, above the rapids, and at the western termination of the Illinois and Michigan canal, is also a flourishing village, with deep water and a good landing.

Cahokia and Kaskaskia are old French villages on the American Bottom, with not more than 500 to 600 inhabitants, most of whom are French. These and similar sites are found unhealthy for new settlers, but their occupants do not suffer in this respect. "The villages of Kaskaskia, Prairie du Rocher, and Cahokia, were built up by their industry in places where Americans probably would have perished." This bottom is remarkable for the number and size of the mounds, which are scattered "like gigantic hay-cocks," over its surface. Seventy of these may be counted on the Edwardsville road, near Cahokia; and the principal mound, which is surrounded by a group of sixteen or eighteen smaller ones, is ninety feet in height, with a base of 600 yards in circumference. Springfield, near the centre of the State, on the border of a beautiful prairie, and surrounded by one of the most fertile tracts in the world, and Jacksonville, further west, in the midst of a beautifully undulating and now cultivated prairie, are busy, flourishing towns, with about 2000 inhabitants each. Bloomington, further south, is also a growing village.

On the Mississippi, above the Illinois, Quincy and Rock River City, at the mouth of the river of the name, are favourably situated. On the rocky extremity of a little island, about three miles long and of half that width, at the mouth of Rock River, stands Fort Armstrong, a United States military post. Higher up, a few miles from the mouth of Fever River, which is navigable for steam-boats to the town, is Galena, a prosperous village in the lead district, with about 1200 inhabitants.

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

THE Country to which the name of Michigan has been usually applied is a large peninsula, with its base resting upon the States of Ohio and Indiana, and bounded on the east and north-east by Lake Huron, for a distance of 250 miles, and having Lake Michigan for its western boundary, an extent of 260 miles. It is in length about 288, and in breadth at the widest part 190 miles. Its area being 38,000 square miles.

Michigan, however, comprises without her bounds another and entirely distinct peninsula, forming a part of the region nominally attached to her while under a territorial government, and added permanently to her territory on her admission as a member of the American confederacy. It is bounded on the north by Lake Superior; on the east by St. Mary's River; on the south by Lakes Huron and Michigan; and south-west by the Mennomonie and Montreal Rivers; the latter emptying into Lake Superior, and the former into Green Bay: it is in length from east to west, about 320 miles; and in breadth it varies from 160 to 30 or 40 miles; the area is probably about 28,000 square miles; making the area of the whole State about 66,000 miles.

The northern peninsula is but little known, having been explored only by hunters and trappers: the surface is said to be more irregular than that of the southern section, and also much less suited for agricultural purposes, but it will nevertheless doubtless become of importance on account of the large bodies of pine timber contained in various parts; and also from the valuable fisheries on the shores of Lake Superior, white fish being taken in great abundance. The rivers are numerous and flow mostly into Lake Superior; they are in general short in their length of course, and much broken by falls and rapids. The shores of the lake are mostly low, and but little indented by bays and harbours; and as the prevailing winds are from the north-west, and sweep with great fury over the wide unsheltered expanse of the lake, navigation is more stormy and dangerous than along the Canada shore.

The Pictured Rocks, so named from their picturesque appearance, are a remarkable natural curiosity. They form a perpendicular wall, extending near 12 miles, and are 300 feet high, presenting a great variety of romantic projections and indentations, having the appearance of landscapes, buildings, and various objects delineated by the hand of man; among the features that attract particular admiration, are the cascade La Portaille, and the Doric Arch. The cascade consists of a considerable stream precipitated from the height of about 70 feet, by a single leap, into the lake. It is thrown to such a distance that a boat may pass dry between it and the rocks. The Doric Rock, or Arch, has the appearance of a work of art, consisting of an isolated mass of sand-stone, with 4 pillars, supporting a stratum or entablature of stone, covered with soil, and giving support to a handsome growth of spruce and pine trees, some of which are 50 or 60 feet high.

The native inhabitants of this region are some bands of the Chippeways, on the shores of Lake Superior, and Mennomonies, on Green Bay; the whole numbering only about 1400 or 1500. The only settlement in this region is the village of St. Mary's, at Fort Brady on the St. Mary's River; it contains a population of 800, principally half-breeds and French. St. Mary's River, the outlet of the waters of Lake Superior, is about 50 miles in length, with a fall of 22 feet in half a mile, which prevents large vessels from entering Lake Superior, although canoes and boats of small draught ascend and descend the rapids. An act authorising the