going to war, carye with them none other purveiance, but on their horse, betwene the saddell and the pannell, they trusse a broade plate of metall, and behynde the saddell they will have a lytell sacke full of otemel, to the entent, that when they have eaten of the sodden fleshe, than they lay this plate in the fire, and tempre a lytel of the otemell, and when the plate is hote, they caste of the thyn paste thereon, and to make a lytel cake in maner of a crackanel, or bysket, and that they eate to comfort witholl theire stomacks."

In different parts of Scotland the bread varies from the kind here mentioned, resembling that of England, but under other names. Thus in Aberdeenshire and some of the southern parts, a round, small, thin crimp biscuit is called a bunn; in Morayshire, a large round loaf, made of wheaten flour, goes by the same name, which it derives from its form, rather than size or quality; bonn, in the Gaelic language, signifying a round piece of any kind. The same are in other places called cob-loaves. Thus in Troilus and Cressida, Ajax calls Thersites "a cobloaf !" On which Stevens remarks, that "a crusty, uneven, gibbous loaf is, in some counties, called by that name."

Busbequius mentions the baking of bread under the coals by the women of Bulgaria, in Turkey, as a usual practice of his time; and the same sort appears from a dialogue of Lucian's to have been in use among the Greeks. Speaking of Empedocles, who was burnt to death in Mount Etna, he says, "full of ashes,

like bread baked under the coals."

Indeed, in the East particularly, the Scripture fashion of preparing this article of life still exists in nearly if not entirely the same way we read of in Holy Writ. Dr. Shaw asserts the Asiatics to be great bread eaters, three out of four living entirely upon it, or else upon such compositions as are made of barley or wheat flour; and says frequent mention is made in the Bible of this simple diet, where the flesh of animals (though sometimes, indeed, it may be included in the eating of bread, or making a meal) is not often recorded. They knead the dough, make it into thin cakes, and either bake it immediately upon the coals, or else in a tagen or shallow earthen vessel like a frying-pan. Such were the unleavened cakes which Sarah made quickly upon the hearth.

The loaves found at Herculaneum were marked with a cross, or radii, like our cross-buns, for the purpose of being more easily broken and divided. A loaf found at Pompeii is eight inches in diameter, and is inscribed Sigillo Canii E. Cicer. Sigillo and Cicer are presumed to denote

the kinds of flour, Canius to be the baker's name.

The classical ancients had a great many kinds-as, the Panis Astrologicus, a sort of pastry, wafers, cakes, &c.; Panis Astroplicus, made for delicate people, and baken in a pan; Panis Athletarum, without leaven, heavy, kneaded with soft cheese; Panis Militaris, made by the soldiers from the corn ground in their hand-mills, badly made, and baked under ashes; Panis Sordidus, the worst, given to dogs; and several others.

The bread of the middle ages was also of various sorts, viz. bread highly fermented, the Gesorid of Alfric-Punis Alexandrium, biscuit; Panis Asper, a kind of brown bread, used by tradesmen, who had also brown-bread, barley-bread, er rye with peas. They had also oaten bread; brown or black bread, with the bran remaining; alms bread; Panis Herbaticus, bread made of a herb, which, after drying, was used for loaf; breakfast bread; spice bread, &c.

The bread of the Anglo-Saxons was mostly bakca before the fire. In the reign of the Norman kings, it was made like a twelfth-cake, and carried about in carts, or abroad, at least, in form of bowls and baskets. In a royal mandate, dated 46 Hen. III., it is commanded that bakers do not impress their bread, intended for sale, with the sign of the Cross, Agnus Dei, or Jesus Christ. We had, in these ancient times, three especial sorts of symnel, particularly fine, in the form of a cup or small porringer; in some places hard, like biscuit, for sops, &c.; wassel, the finest sort of common bread; and cocket, a secondary sort, made of a flour cheaper than that of wassel bread, was anciently marked with its weight, and sometimes made crusty in a frying-pan.

Harrison, in the reign of Elizabeth, describes the principal bread then in use in England as of three sorts manchet, cheat, and ravell bread. "Our good workmen," he says, "deliver commonly such proportion, that of the flour of one bushel with another, they make 40 cast of manchet, of which every loaf weigheth eight ounces into the oven, and six out. The second is the cheat, or wheaten bread, so named because the colour thereof resembleth the grain and yellowish wheat, being clean and well dressed; and out of this is the coarsest of the bran (usually called gurgeons, or pollard) taken. The ravelled is a kind of cheat bread also, but it reteineth more of the grosse, and lesse of the pure substance of the wheat; and this, being more sleightlie wrought up, is used in the halles of the nobilitie and gentrie only; whereas the other is, or

should be, baked in good cities and towns, of an appointed size, (accordinge to such price as the corne doth bear,) and by a statute provided by King John in that behalf." The following account, which he afterwards adds, presents a picture, not very gratifying, of the mean and scanty fare of the labouring classes in those days:

"The bread throughout the land is made of such graine as the soile yeeldeth; neverthelesse the gentilitie commonlie provide themselves sufficientlie of wheate for their owne tables, whilest their household and poore neighbours in some shires are enforced to content themselves with rie or barlie; yea, and in time of dearth, manie with bread made either of beanes, peasen, or otes, or of altogither, and some acorns among; of which scourge the poorest doe soonest taste, sith they are least able to provide themselves with better, and I will not saie that this extremitie is oft so well to be seene in time of plentie as of dearth; but if I should, I could easilie bring my trial." He concludes thus: "The artificer and labourer are driven to content themselves with horsse-corn, beanes, peasen, otes, tares, and lintels." This was nearly as bad as the peasants of Norway, who in times of scarcity mix the bark of trees, usually the fir-tree, with their oatmeal; they dry this bark before the fire, grind it to powder, mix it with some oatmeal, then bake it, and eat it like bread; it is bitterish, and affords but little nourish

ment.

BREAD FOR HORSES.-Baked bread, known by the name of horse-bread, was the common food of horses in the time of James the First, instead of oats and other grain. Peas were likewise given in food. In "Nares" we have the receipt for making horse-bread. The loaves were very large. BREAD AND BUTTER, &c. superseded "Kychin Grosse," or dripping, for breakfast, between the reigns of Edward IV. and Elizabeth. Bread and Cheese is mentioned as a common viand by Diogenes Laertius.

THE DELUGE.

THE tradition of a deluge has been preserved by the Sandwich islanders. The story told is this:-' -That a certain man, many thousand moons ago, was fishing in the sea, and by some curious fatality, caught the spirit of the waters upon his hook, and dragged him, to his great astonishment, out of the briny element. The consequences of this rash act were destructive to the whole country, the spirit having declared in his anger that he would cause a general deluge; yet in pity to the

unintentional author of the misfortune, he allowed him to escape with his wife to the summit of Mounah-roah, the mountain in Owhyhee, where he remained till after the deluge had subsided, and was thus preserved.

THE SALMON.

A CURIOUS mode of taking this fish, called salmon-hunting, (as practised at Whitehaven,) is mentioned by Mr. Bingley. When the tide recedes, what fish are left in the shallows are discovered by the agitation of the water. The hunter, with a three-pointed barbed spear, fixed to a shaft fifteen feet long, plunges into these pools at a trot, up to the belly of his horse. He makes ready his spear, and, when he overtakes the salmon, strikes the fish with almost unerring aim; that done, by a turn of the hand, he raises the salmon to the surface, wheels his horse towards the shore, and runs the fish on dry land without dismounting. From forty to fifty fish have been killed in a day; ten are, however, no despicable booty.

SINGULAR MODE OF REVENGE.

FATHER CATROU relates that a very strange use was once made of artillery by a princess Cande, whose capital, Amadanagar, the emperor Akbar had laid siege to:" Akbar was detained more than two months at the foot of her ramparts: obliged at last to yield to the perseverance of the besiegers, she conceived a singular mode of taking revenge on her enemy. All the gold and silver of which she was possessed the princess caused to be melted and made into bullets, on which were engraved in the characters of the country words expressive of malediction against the usurper. With these some culverins were loaded, capable of carrying ball to the distance of a league, and the bullets were fired into the copses and lesser woods by which the place is on every side environed. The princess at last capitulated, after having scattered all the riches of which she purposed to disappoint the conqueror. Some of these bullets of gold and silver are occasionally found, even at the present day, in the vicinity of Amadanagar. It is but a short time since that a peasant discovered one of gold, weighing eight pounds. It was seen by M. Manouchy, who was much gratified with reading the inscription."History of the Mogul Dynasty

The Gatherer.

"I am but a Gatherer and disposer of other n's stuff."- Wotton.

EPITAPH.

Ir drugs and physic could but save
Us mortals from the dreary grave,
'Tis known that I took full enough
Of the apothecary's stuff

To have prolong'd life's busy feast
To a full century at least ;
But spite of all the doctor's skill,
Of daily draught and nightly pill,
Reader, as sure as you're alive,
I was sent here at twenty-five.

IN PROPRIA PERSONA. A FARMER recently received a polite note from a neighbour, (whose children were going on a visit a short distance,) requesting the loan of an ass, for a few days. Being unable to decipher his friend's hieroglyphics, and wishing to conceal his ignorance from the servant, the farmer hastily returned for answer"Very well; tell your master I'll wait upon him myself presently."

A TIT BIT.

MUNDEN, it said, was once at a dinner party placed behind a haunch of venison, and requested to carve it. "Really, gentlemen," said he, "I do declare I know very little about table anatomy; I dare say now there's some particular cut in a haunch-some favourite bon morceau-I dare say there is but I assure you I am quite ignorant where to prick for it." A dozen knives instantly started from the cloth, and Munden was instructed where the rich meat lay. Joe uttered a whole string of thanks, worked out the prime slice, loaded it with rich sauce and jelly, and then, with his plate in his hand, looked through his glasses round the table. Every mouth watered every hand was ready every tooth prepared. "Really, gentlemen," said the comedian, "I wish I could please you all; but d-n it, if I give the tit-bit to one I shall offend the rest; so egad," added he, pushing the dish from him. "I'll keep it myself, and let every gentleman help himself to what

he likes best."

ON A GOOD WIFE. (Written by her Husband.) HERE lies my poor wife, much lamented, She's happy, and I'm contented.

EPIGRAM.

HE who talks much, so says the ancient rule,

Must often babble like an empty fool.-"I speak but little," shallow Buffo cries:

In that, no doubt, the world would call him wise."

AT the period of Wilkes' popularity, every wall bore his name, and every window his portrait, in china, in bronze, or in marble; he stood upon the chimney-piece of half the houses of the metropolis; he swung upon the sign-post of every village, and of every great road throughout the country. He used himself to tell, with much glee, of a monarchial old lady, behind whom he accidentally walked-looking up, she murmured within his hearing, in much spleen," he swings every where, but where he ought!" Wilkes passed her, and turning round, politely bowed.

FERINTOSH WHISKEY.

THE word Ferintosh significs Thane's land, it having been part of the Thanedom of Cawdor, (Macbeth's) or Calder.

The barony of Ferintosh belonged to the Forbes's of Culloden, and contained about 1,800 arable acres. All barley produced on this estate was privileged to be converted into whiskey, duty free; the natural consequence of which was, that more whiskey was distilled in Ferintosh than in all the rest of Scotland. 1784, government made a sort of compulsory purchase of this privilege from the Culloden family, after they had enjoyed it a complete century. The sum paid was £21,500.

HEATHS AND ROSES.

In

IT is tolerably well ascertained, that the two Americas do not produce a single heath, nor the southern hemisphere a rose.

TO READERS AND CORRESPONDENTS. WITH the present Number of the MIRROR is published a Supplement, containing Recollec

tions, Anecdotes, and a Memoir of his late Royal Highness the Duke of York, by Sir Walter Scott, ample details of the ceremonial of lying in state, and an illustrative engraving.

We cannot reply to Mr. Stahlschmidt's polite note, for, in truth, we know nothing of the matter referred to. We regret, however, to say, the correction cannot be made in the present copies of the engraving. Mr. S. had better communicate with Mr. M. without delay.

143, Strand, (near Somerset House,) and sold Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD,

by all Newsmen and Booksellers.

ON Thursday morning at eleven o'clock, the public were admitted to view the melancholy scene of his late royal highness the duke of York lying-in-state, which ceremonial our engraving on the preceding page faithfully represents. The entrance was from Cleveland-row through a covered way to the piazza, at the opposite side of the second court-yard, and entering the palace by the new staircase, hung with black cloth, leading to the state apartments. Having ascended this staircase, a small ante-room, similarly hung with black cloth, and lighted in the same manner as the staircase, adjoins. From the ante-room the long or chapel gallery is entered. The walls of this gallery were also hung with black drapery, tastefully festooned at the top, and decorated with a great number of silver sconces, placed at intervals along the sides. A temporary railing, covered with black cloth, was erected throughout the whole length of the gallery, behind which were stationed about fifty of the yeomen of the guard, in full uniform, and having the usual mourning appendages worn by their order on such melancholy occasions as the present. The strong light emitted from the innumerable wax candles falling directly on the backs of the yeomen, and who all leaned upon their halberds, around which were wreathed slips of crape, produced a remarkably imposing effect.

The state room in which the body lay is ample in its dimensions, but was considerably circumscribed, by the means which were adopted for preserving the walls from injury, in putting up the mournful drapery with which it was hung, and at the first entrance had rather a confined appearance. The shape of the room is oblong. There are three entrances, namely, the two side doors, by which the public obtained ingress and egress; and a pair of folding doors, which, being thrown open, a small space within was converted into a box, set apart for the lord chamberlain and his distinguish ed friends. At the more distant end a space was railed off, within which the body of the duke lay in state. A hollow square was then formed, three sides of which constituted the avenue round which the spectators passed, entering at one corner, and retiring by the other. In the centre of the square were placed the colours of the grenadier guards, in mourning, and around it stood, or sat on chairs, several of the officers of that distinguish ed regiment, wearing crape scarfs. rich plume of ostrich feathers, forming a Jucal coronet, ornamented the magnificent chandelier in the centre of the room;

A

with the ceiling, and from that centre, the drapery for a considerable circumference diverged, so as to form in narrow plaits the crown of a spacious tent. The whole of the floor, walls, and ceiling was covered with black cloth; the drapery on the walls was festooned so as to harmonise with the covered lines of the top. On the walls were hung a double row of silver sconces, each containing two branches and candles; and between these, at intervals, were placed heraldic escutcheons, containing the arms of the duke, emblazoned on two oval shields. On that end of the room, however, in which the body lay in state, the greatest pains were bestowed; and to this the attention of the throng was more eagerly, although with a melancholy interest, directed. Here a canopy was erected, extremely tasteful in point of construction, but as the ornaments were entirely black, there was nothing of splendour in its appearance. From each side hung profuse drapery of black cloth, and on the back was displayed an escutcheon of the deceased, of a diamond shape, bearing the arms of his royal highness. On each side of the canopy were silver escutcheons, with wax lights surrounding escutcheons.

Under the canopy, upon a platform, elevated two feet from the ground, and lying upon trestles, was the body of the duke, in its magnificent coffin. Over the coffin was thrown a rich pall of black velvet, lined with black silk, and flounced with two rows of white sarsnet, the end of which was turned up, so as to exhibit the foot of the coffin to the spectators, and on each side were three more escutcheons. On the breast of the coffin rested the coronet of his royal highness, upon a velvet cushion, and below this, towards the foot, upon another cushion, lay his royal highness's baton, as field marshal.

On each side of the coffin stood three gentlemen pensioners, each bearing a banner-namely, the banner of the White Horse of Hanover; the banner of Albany; the banner of the White Rose; the banner of the Falcon and Fetterlock; the banner of the Arms of his late royal highness; and the banner of the crest of his late royal highness.

At the foot stood two heralds in their surcoats, and on each side of the platform, next the wall, were placed six of the Grenadier guards, with their muskets reversed, and leaning on the butt-ends. This constituted the whole of the cere monial of the lying-in-state. The spectators, as they passed, preserved the most profound silence, and it was evident that all sympathized in the melancholy scene, which, upon the whole, although not