George IV., King of England. Lord Liverpool, Prime-Minister, 1812 to 1827. Mr. Canning, Lord Goderich, and the Duke of Wellington, to 1830. Great monetary crisis in 1825. Suspension of seventy banks in December. The Bank of England, with difficulty, weathers the storm. Sir Walter Scott's influence secures the circulation of small notes in Scotland. Independence of South-American States recognized. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. FROM-1825 to 1829.. DURATION. — One term, -four years. PARTY.- Republican. PRINCIPAL EVENTS.-Remarkable prosperity in agriculture, commerce, and manufactures. Extensive internal improvements. Quincy Railway finished for the transportation of granite to the seashore. This was the first railroad built in the United States: locomotives afterwards introduced on the Hudson and Mohawk Railroad. Duel between Clay and Randolph, April 8, 1826; two shots and a reconciliation. Continued commercial prosperity. Commerce and shipping gradually turning from Boston to New York. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson pass away on the same day; namely, July 4, 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of American Independence. New party organized excluding Free Masons from office; its failure. Erie Canal finished by the State of New York. Exciting Congressional discussions over the protective tariff bill. New England, compelled to adopt it by the vote of the South during the Monroe administration, now refuses to change. Webster favors protection. Bitter party-spirit, resulting in the defeat of John Quincy Adams on his second nomination. Election of Gen. Andrew Jackson. 1825.-March 4. "In compliance with an usage co-eval with the existence of our Federal Constitution, and sanctioned by the example of my predecessors in the career upon which I am about to enter, I appear, my fellow-citizens, in your presence and in that of Heaven, to bind myself by the solemnity of religious obligation to the faithful performance of the duties allotted to me in the situation to which I have been called. ... ... . . . Union, justice, tranquillity, the common defence, the general welfare, and the blessings of liberty, all have been promoted by the government under which we have lived. ... If there have been projects of partial confederacies to be erected on the ruins of the Union, they have been scattered to the winds. . . . To the topic of internal improvements, emphatically urged by my predecessor at his inauguration, I recur with peculiar satisfaction. It is that from which I am convinced that the unborn millions of our posterity who are in future ages to people this continent will derive their most fervent gratitude to the founders of the Union; that in which the beneficent action of its government will be most deeply felt and acknowledged. The magnificence and splendor of their public works are among the im perishable glories of the ancient republics. The - roads and aqueducts of Rome have been the admiration of all after-ages, and have survived thousands of years, – after all her conquests have been swallowed up in despotism, or become the spoil of barbarians. Some diversity of opinion has prevailed with regard to the powers of Congress for legislation upon objects of this nature. The most respectful deference is due to doubts originating in pure patriotism, and sustained by venerated authority. But nearly twenty years have passed since the construction of the first national road was commenced. The authority for its construction was then unquestioned. To how many thousands of our countrymen has it proved a benefit! To what single individual has it ever proved an injury?". ... 1825.-Dec. 6. "Europe, with a few partial and unhappy exceptions, has enjoyed ten years of peace. During the same period, our inter- course with all those nations has been pacific and friendly it so continues. . . . The policy of the United States, in their commercial intercourse with other nations, has always been of the most |