George IV. and William IV. Duke of Wellington Prime-Minister, 1828 to 1830. Earl Gray, Lord Melbourne, and Sir Robert Peel, 1830 to 1837. Death of George IV., July, 1830. Revolution in Paris, July 27, 1830. Charles X. abdicates; and the Duke of Orléans, as Louis Philippe, ascends the throne. ANDREW JACKSON. FROM-1829 to 1837. DURATION.-Two terms, -eight years. PRINCIPAL EVENTS.-Attempted "REFORM." Removals from office to secure the services of political friends (six hundred and ninety removals in eight years to sixty-four in forty-four years). Postmaster-General for the first time admitted to the cabinet. Cherokees removed from Georgia. Two missionaries imprisoned. Their release procured by Chief Justice Marshall. They follow the Indians. In 1830, Webster replies to Hayne of South Carolina on the Foot "Resolution of inquiry as to the disposal of public lands." Nullification openly avowed in Congress. John C. Calhoun, leader of the South-Carolina State-rights nullification party, resigns the Vice-Presidency of the United States, and in the Senate declares the protective tariff (originally introduced by the South) null and void, and threatens secession, if the Union, by force, endeavors to execute it in South Carolina. Jackson, resolved to enforce it, sends a national vessel and troops to Charleston to aid the officers in the collection of revenue. Henry Clay introduces a compromise, and the matter is temporarily adjusted. Black-Hawk War in Illinois and Wisconsin. Black Hawk is captured, and carried through the principal Eastern cities. Re-charter of the United-States Bank vetoed by Jackson. The Seven-Years' Florida War with the Seminoles commenced in 1835. Osceola and the other Indians would not be removed beyond the Mississippi River. Col. Zachary Taylor finally forces submission, and closes the war. Arkansas admitted in 1836, and Michigan in 1837. Party-lines distinctly drawn. Supporters of the administration (opposed to a United-States Bank and the protective tariff) are called Democrats; all others, Whigs. Election of Martin Van Buren. 1829.- March 4. "About to undertake the arduous duties that I have been appointed to perform by the choice of a free people, I avail myself of this customary and solemn occasion to express the gratitude which their confidence inspires, and to acknowledge the accountability which my situation enjoins. As the instrument of the Federal Constitution, it will devolve upon me, for a stated period, to execute the laws of the United States, to superintend their foreign and confederate relations, to manage their revenue, to command their forces, and, by communications to the Legislature, to watch over and to promote their interests generally. . . . The recent demonstration of public sentiment inscribes on the list of executive duties, in characters too legible to be overlooked, the task of REFORM. A firm reliance on the goodness of that Power whose providence mercifully protected our national infancy, and has since upheld our liberties in various vicissitudes, encourages me to offer up my ardent supplications that he will continue to make our beloved country the object of his divine care and gracious benediction." 1829.-Dec. 8. "The task devolves on me, under a provision of the Constitution, to present to you, as the Federal Legislature of twenty-four sovereign States and twelve millions of happy people, a view of our affairs. In communicating with you for the first time, it is to me a source of unfeigned satisfaction, calling for mutual gratulation and devout thanks to a benign Providence, that we are at peace with all mankind, and that our country exhibits the most cheering evidence of general welfare and progressive improvement. Turning our eyes to other nations, our great desire is to see our brethren of the human race secured in the blessings enjoyed by ourselves, and advancing in knowledge, in freedom, and in social happiness. Of the unsettled matters between the United States and other powers, the most prominent are those which have for years been the subject of negotiation with Eng |