margin) where feveral of thofe very paffages were added in a written hand, which are fince to be found in the folio.

In the next place, a number of beautiful paffages which are extant in the firft fingle editions, are omitted in this as it feems without any other reason, than their willingness to fhorten fome fcenes: Thefe men (as it was faid of Procruftes) either lopping, or ftretching an Author, to make him juft fit for their Stage.

This edition is faid to be printed from the Original Copies; I believe they meant those which had lain ever fince the Author's days in the play-house, and had from time to time been cut, or added to, arbitrarily. It appears that this edition, as well as the Quarto's, was printed (at leaft partly) from no better copies than the Prompter's Book, or Piecemeal Parts written out for the use of the actors: For in fome places their very (a) names are thro' carelessness fet down instead of the Perfone Dramatis: And in others the notes of direction to the Property-men for their Moveables, and to the Players for their Entries, are inferted into the Text, thro' the ignorance of the Transcribers.

The Plays not having been before fo much as diftinguifh'd by Ats and Scenes, they are in this edition divided according as they play'd them; often where there is no paufe in the action, or where they thought fit to make a breach in it, for the fake of Mufick, Mafques, or Monsters.

Sometimes the fcenes are tranfpofed and fhuffled backward and forward; a thing which could no otherwife happen, but by their being taken from separate and piece-meal-written parts.

(a) Much ado about nothing. At 2. Enter Prince Leonato, Claudio, and Jack Wilfon, inftead of Balthafar. And in A&t. 4. Cowley, and Kemp, conftantly thro' a whole Scene. Edit. Fol. of 1623, and 1632.

Many

Many verfes are omitted entirely, and others tranfpofed from whence invincible obfcurities have arifen, paft the guess of any Commentator to clear up, but juft where the accidental glimpse of an old edition enlightens us.

**

Some Characters were confounded and mix'd, or two put into one, for want of a competent numbers of actors, Thus in the Quarto edition of MidfummerNight's Dream, Act 5. Shakespear introduces a kind of Master of the Revels called Philoftrate: all whofe part is given to another character (that of Egeus) in the fubfequent editions: So alfo in Hamlet and King Lear. This too makes it probable that the Prompter's Books were what they call'd the Original Copies.

From liberties of this kind, many fpeeches alfo were put into the mouths of wrong perfons, where the Author now seems chargeable with making them fpeak out of character: Or fometimes perhaps for no better reason, than that a governing Player, to have the mouthing of fome favourite fpeech himself, would fnatch it from the unworthy lips of an Underling.

Profe from verfe they did not know, and they 19 accordingly printed one for the other throughout the volume.

79

Having been forced to fay fo much of the Players, I think I ought in juftice to remark, that the Judgment, as well as Condition, of that clafs of people was then far inferior to what it is in our days. As then the best Playhouses were Inns and Taverns (the Globe, the Hope, the Red Bull, the Fortune, &c.) so the top of the profeffion, were then meer Players, not Gentlemen of the ftage: They were led into the Buttery by the Steward, not plac'd at the Lord's table, or Lady's toilette: and confequently were intirely depriv'd of thofe advantages they now enjoy, in the familiar converfation of our Nobility, and an intimacy (not to fay dearnefs) with people of the firft condition.

From

ti. From what has been faid, there can be no queftion ...but had Shakespear published his works himself (efpecially in his latter time, and after his retreat from the. ftage) we should not only be certain which are ge-. nuine; but fhould find in thofe that are, the errors. leffened by fome thoufands. If I may judge from all the diftinguishing marks of his ftyle, and his manner of thinking and writing, I make no doubt to declare that those wretched plays Pericles, Locrine, Sir John Oldcastle, Yorkshire Tragedy, Lord Cromwell, The Puritan, and London Prodigal, cannot be admitted as his. And I fhould conjecture of fome of the others, (parti-i cularly Love's Labour's Loft, The Winter's Tale, and Titus Andronicus) that only fome characters, fingle fcenes, or perhaps a few particular paffages, were of his hand. It is very probable what occafion'd fome Plays to be fuppofed Shakespear's was only this; that they were pieces produced by unknown authors, or fitted up for the Theatre while it was under his adminiftration: and no owner claiming them, they were. adjudged to him, as they give Strays to the Lord of the Manor: A miftake which (one may alfo obferve) it was not for the intereft of the Houfe to remove. Yet the Players themselves, Heminges and Condell, afterwards did Shakespear the juftice to reject thofe eight plays in their edition; tho they were then printed in his Name, in every body's hands, and acted with fome applaufe; (as we learn from what Ben Johnson fays of Pericles in his Ode on the New Inn.) That Titus Andronicus is one of this clafs I am the rather induced to believe, by finding the fame Author openly exprefs his contempt of it in the Induction to Bartholomew-Fair, in the year 1614, when Shakespear was yet living. And there is no better authority for thefe latter fort, than for the former, which were equally published in Chis life-time.

If we give into this opinion, how many low and vicious parts and passages might no longer reflect upon this great Genius, but appear unworthily charged upon him? And even in those which are really his, how many faults may have been unjustly laid to his account from arbitrary Additions, Expunctions, Tranfpofitions of scenes and lines, confufion of Characters and Perfons, wrong application of Speeches, corruptions of innumerable Paffages by the Ignorance, and wrong Corrections of 'em again by the Impertinence, of his firft Editors? From one or other of these confiderations, I am verily perfuaded, that the greatest and the groffeft part of what are thought his errors would vanith, and leave his character in a light very different from that difadvantageous one, in which it now appears to us.

1

This is the ftate in which Shakespear's writings lye at prefent; for fince the abovementioned Folio Edition, all the reft have implicitly followed it, without having recourse to any of the former, or ever making the comparison between them. It is impoffible to re-3 pair the Injuries already done him; too much time has elaps'd, and the materials are too few. In what I have done I have rather given a proof of my willingness and defire, than of my ability, to do hime juftice. I have discharg'd the dull duty of an Editor, to my best judgment, with more labour than I expect thanks, with a religious abhorrence of all innovation, and without any indulgence to my private fenfe or conjecture. The method taken in this Edition will fhow itself. The various Readings are fairly put in the margin, so that every one may compare 'em; ands thofe I have prefer'd into the Text are conftantly exo fide Codicum, upon authority. The Alterations or Additions which Shakespear himself made, are taken notice of as they occur. Some fufpected paffages which are exceffively bad, (and which feem Interpo

lations

lations by being fo inferted that one can intirely omit them without any chafm, or deficience in the context) are degraded to the bottom of the page with an Afterisk referring to the places of their infertion. The Scenes are mark'd fo diftinctly that every removal of place is fpecify'd; which is more neceffary in this Author than any other, fince he fhifts them more? frequently and fometimes without attending to this particular, the reader would have met with obfcurities. The more obfolete or unusual words are explained. Some of the most shining paffages are diftinguish'd by comma's in the margin; and where the beauty lay not in particulars but in the whole, a ftar is prefix'd to the fcene. This feems to me a fhorter and lefs oftentatious method of performing the better half of Criticism (namely the pointing out an Author's excellencies) than to fill a whole paper with citations of fine paffages, with general Applaufes, or empty Exclamations at the tail of them. There is alfo fubjoin'd a Catalogue of thofe first Editions by which the greater part of the various readings and of the corrected paffages are authorised, (most of which are fuch as carry their own evidence along with them.) Thefe Editions now hold the place of Originals, and are the only materials left to repair the deficiences or reftore the corrupted fenfe of the Author: I can only with that a greater number of them (if a greater were ever published) may yet be found, by a fearch more fuccefsful than mine, for the better accomplishment of this end.

I will conclude by faying of Shakespear, that with all his faults, and with all the irregularity of his Drama, one may look upon his works, in comparison of thofe that are more finifh'd and regular, as upon an ancient majestick piece of Gothick Architecture, compar'd' with a neat Modern building: The latter is more