then the legal presumption is that the missing Section or quarter Section corners were originally established in conformity with the distances expressed in the field notes, and the surveyor should so reestablish them.

(10) Extinct quarter Section corners, except on fractional Section lines, when they cannot be identified, should be reestablished equidistant between the Section corners, in a right line between the nearest noted "line trees" each side of it, if there are any; but if none are found, then in a right line between the Section corners. Extinct quarter Section posts, on Section lines which close on the North and West boundaries of Townships, should be reestablished, according to the original measurement thereof, at 40 chains from the last interior Section corner.

(11) Extinct Section corners may be reestablished by running a right line between the nearest noted "line tree" North and South and East and West of the lost corner, if there be any such trees within the distance of the nearest quarter Section corners; but if no "line tree" be found, then between the nearest quarter Section or Section corners, and at the point of intersection of the two lines thus run, establish the Section corner, with new bearings to the nearest and most desirable objects.

(12) The quarter mile posts are not established in Government surveys, but are, by law, understood to be equidistant from the Section and quarter Section corners, and should be so established by the County Surveyor.

(13) It may be remarked, that where the measurement of any Section line by the County Surveyor does not correspond with the original measurement recorded in the field notes, lost corners should be reestablished at proportionate distances from each other between the known

corners.

Section 457.-MANUAL OF UNITED STATES SURVEYING. If any reader of this book desires to acquire more extensive information of the system of United States

surveying, and of the rules of the General Land Office regulating the retracing of Government lines and the relocating of lost or missing corners, he is recommended to obtain a copy of the "Manual of United States Surveying," by J. H. Hawes, published by J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia. It is a clear and comprehensive treatment of the subject, giving very full and useful information upon all matters connected with surveying.

Section 458.-WHERE SURVEYOR SHOULD START. To retrace a line, a surveyor should start from some known corner called for by the field notes of the original survey. He should start from the nearest known corner. When he has found such a corner, and has identified it by descriptions in the field notes, or by the testimony of old residents in the neighborhood, it will make no difference whether the corner is on the Township line, or in a Township north or south of the line; for if it is a corner established by the original surveyor, when locating the Township line, or subsequently in subdividing a Township, and is the nearest known corner to the point which the private surveyor is endeavoring to retrace or relocate, it should be his starting point in making his survey.

Section 459.-MONUMENTS CONTROL COURSES AND DISTANCES.-It is a rule of surveying, always to be applied to the retracing of Government lines and the relocating of Government corners, that monuments, natural or artificial, control courses and distances. Consequently, whether the courses and distances correspond with the field notes or not, if the monuments called for by the field notes are found on the ground, they must control. It is only where no monuments, natural or artificial, can be found, that the courses and distances will control.

Section 460.-COMPLETION OF UNITED STATES SURVEY.-The Government survey of the public lands is made by running and marking the lines of the

Township and Sections, and by marking the corners of the Township, Sections, and quarter Sections. It is not necessary that a whole Township be surveyed at one time, and often different parts of a Township are surveyed at different times. But no survey of any part is complete until the lines and corners about that part are run and established as required by the statute. Even after a principal meridian and base line have been established, and the exterior lines of the Township have been surveyed, neither the Sections nor their subdivisions can be said to have any existence until the Township is subdivided into Sections and quarter Sections by an approved survey. The lines are not ascertained by the survey, but they are created by it.

Section

461.-APPLICATION

ΤΟ PURCHASE SCHOOL LAND.—The law of California does not contemplate a sale of school land by the State until the title to the 16th and 36th Sections has vested in the State, and the title to these Sections does not vest in the State until the plat of the survey is approved by the United States Surveyor-General. An application to purchase a 16th or 36th Section of land, filed before the plat of the survey of the Township is approved by the United States SurveyorGeneral, is unauthorized and void.

Spaulding's Table for Measurement of Logs

Section 461a.-LEGAL STANDARD OF LOG MEASUREMENT.—The State has by law adopted the table known as Spaulding's Table for the Measurement of Logs, as the legal standard of measurement in California. The law passed by the Legislature (Statutes of 1878) reads as follows: "There shall be but one standard for the measurement of logs throughout the State. The following table, known as Spaulding's Table for the Measurement of Logs, is hereby made the standard and table for the measurement of logs throughout the State. For the measurement of logs

of any greater length than indicated in the table set forth in Section 2 of this Act, the computation shall be made in accordance with table. All logs shall be measured at the small end and inside the bark, and the contents computed according to table. Allowance shall be made for rot, shake, or other defect in logs measured by this scale and under the provisions of this Act, so as to make the survey express the actual quantity of merchantable lumber in each log."

The Spaulding Table for the Measurement of Logs is as follows:

10

11

12

13

14

Length Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. in feet. 16 17 18 20

15

19

72

86 103 121 141 162 184 207 76 93 111 131 152 175 199 224 82 100 120 141 88 107 128 151 114 137 161

164 189 214 241

15.... 47 59 16... 50 63 17.. 53 67 18... 57 70 19.. 60 74 20.... 63 78 21... 66 82 22.. 69 86 23... 72 90 24.. 76 94

176 202 230 258 77 94 188 216 245 276 82 100 121 145 171 199 229 260 293 87 106 129 154 181 211 243 276 310 91 112 136 163 191 223 256 291 327 96 118 143 171 201 235 270 306 345 101 124 150 180 211 246 283 322 362 106 130 157 188 221 258 297 337 379 111 136 164 197 231 270 310 352 396 116 142 172 206 242 282 324 368 414

Length Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. in feet. 21 26

22

23

24

25

27

28

29

12.... 231 256 282 309 337 366 396 427 459 492 526 13.... 250 277 305 334 365 396 429 462 497 533 569 14.. 269 298 329 360 393 427 462 498 535 574 613 15.. 288 320 352 387 421 457 495 533 573 615 657 16.. 308 341 376 412 449 488 528 569 612 656 701 17... 327 362 399 437 477 518 561 604 650 697 745 18.... 346 384 423 463 505 549 594 640 688 738 789 19.. 365 405 446 489 533 579 627 676 726 779 832 20.... 385 426 470 515 561 610 660 711 765 820 876 21... 404 448 493 540 589 640 693 747 803 861 920 22.. 423 469 517 566 617 671 726 782 841 902 964 23.... 442 490 540 591 645 701 759 818 879 943 1008 24.... 462 512 564 618 674 732 792 854 918 984 1052

Length Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. in feet. 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

12.... 561 597 634 673 713 755 798 843 889 936 984

13..

14..

15..

607 646 686 729 772 817 864 913 963 1014 1066 654 696 739 785 831 880 931 983 1037 1092 1148 701 746 792 841 891 943 997 1053 1111 1170 1230 16... 748 796 845 897 950 1006 1064 1124 1185 1248 1312 17... 794 845 898 953 1010 1069 1130 1194 1259 1326 1394 18... 841 895 951 1009 1069 1132 1197 1264 1333 1404 1476 19.. 888 945 1003 1065 1128 1195 1263 1334 1407 1482 1558 20.... 935 995 1056 1121 1188 1258 1330 1405 1481 1560 1640 21.... 981 1044 1109 1177 1247 1321 1397 1475 1555 1638 1722 22.... 1028 1094 1162 1233 1307 1384 1463 1545 1629 1716 1804 23.... 1075 1144 1215 1289 1366 1447 1529 1615 1703 1794 1886 24.. 1122 1194 1268 1346 1426 1510 1596 1686 1778 1872 1968

Length Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. in feet. 43 44 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53

45

12.... 1033 1086 1134 1186 1239 1293 1348 1404 1461 1519 1578 13.... 1119 1176 1228 1284 1342 1400 1460 1521 1582 1645 1709 14.... 1205 1267 1323 1383 1445 1508 1572 1638 1704 1772 1841 15.. 1291 1357 1417 1482 1548 1616 1685 1755 1826 1898 1972 16.... 1377 1448 1512 1581 1652 1724 1797 1872 1948 2025 2104 17.... 1463 1538 1606 1680 1755 1831 1909 1989 2069 2151 2235 18.... 1549 1629 1701 1779 1858 1939 2022 2106 2191 2278 2367 19.... 1635 1719 1795 1877 1961 2047 2134 2223 2313 2405 2498 20.... 1721 1810 1890 1976 2065 2155 2246 2340 2435 2531 2630 21.... 1807, 1900 1984 2075 2168 2262 2385 2457 2556 2657 2761 22.... 1893 1991 2079 2174 2271 2370 2470 2574 2678 2784 2893 23.... 1979 2081 2173 2273 2374 2478 2582 2691 2800 2911 3024 24.... 2066 2172 2268 2372 2478 2586 2696 2808 2922 3038 3156

Length Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. Diam. in feet. 54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

12.... 1638 1700 1763 1827 1893 1960 2028 2098 2169 2241 2315 13.. 1774 1841 1909 1979 2050 2123 2197 2272 2349 2427 2507 14.... 1911 1983 2056 2131 2208 2286 2366 2447 2530 2614 2700 15.... 2047 2125 2203 2283 2366 2450 2535 2622 2711 2801 2893 16.... 2184 2266 2350 2436 2524 2613 2704 2797 2892 2988 3086 17.... 2320 2408 2497,2588 2681 2776 2873 2972 3072 3174 3279 18.... 2457 2550 2644 2740 2839 2940 3042 3147 3253 3361 3472 19.... 2593 2691 2791 2892 2997 3103 3211 3321 3434 3548 3665 20.... 2730,2833 2938 3045 3155 3266 3380 3496 3615 3735 3858 21.... 2866 2974 3085 3197 3312 3429 3549 3671 3795 3921 4051 22.... 3003 3116 3232 3349 3470 3592 3718 3846 3976 4108 4244 23.. 3139 3258 3379 3501 3628 3756 3887 4021 4157 4295 4437 24.... 3276 3400 3526 3654 3786 3920 4056 4196 4338 4482 4630