CLASSIFICATION OF CO-ORDINATES. 53 Consequence (See Part II.); as, "He was learned, therefore respected." EXERCISE 22. Analyze the following. ILLUSTRATION. "Men learned, wise and influential." An element of the Cx. W-f; of which men is the B., and modified by the remainder, a Subt. of the Cd. W-f.; of which learned, wise and influential," are copulative co-ordinates, of the S. W-f. "Knows that life is short but art is long." An element of the Cx. W-f; of which knows is the B. of the S. W-f and modified by the remainder, a Subt. of the Cd. Dem. C-f; of which "that life is short," and "that art is long," are antithetical co-ordinates. "Men of power, but of little influence.” An element of the Cx. W-f; of which "Men" is the B., and modified by the remainder, a Subt. of the Cd. P-f; of which "of power," and "of little influence," are adversative co-ordinates. The first co-ordinate is of the S. P-f. The second is of the Cx. P-f; of which" of influence" is the B. and modified by "little," a Subt. of the S. W-f. 1. Gifts not expensive but significant. 2. Men of wealth but of no power in society. 3. Houses neither costly nor convenient. 4. Houses costly, but inconvenient. 5. Asked whether he would go. 6. Said he would neither go nor stay. 7. Desires not preaching, but practice. 8. Severe, but salutary sorrows. 9. Considers himself slighted. RECAPITULATION. 196. 1. Each of the three different classes of logical elements, may take three forms viz.: Simple, complex, and compound; or, sometimes, both complex and compound. 2. Simple elements are such as are unmodified. 3. Complex elements are such as have modifications. The leading thought is the base; the modifier is called the Subordi nate. 4. The base itself may be complex, or compound, with reference to a given subordinate. 5. The subordinate itself, may be complex, or compound, with reference to a given base. Both base and subordinate may be complex, or compound, in the same logical element. 7. The coördinates of a compound element are, usually, of the same class, and the same kind of logical terms :—all substantive, all predicative, or all attributive. 8. Coördinates are divided into Copulative, Alternative, Antithetical, Concessive and Illative. CHAPTER IV. THE FUNCTIONS OF LOGICAL ELEMENTS. SEC. I.-THE SUBSTANTIVE TERM. 197. Having in the preceding chapter considered the various Forms of Expression which Logical Elements may assume, we come now to consider the various offices which these elements perform, in a general way, in discourse. 198. We have seen (59) that logical elements may be divided into three classes, viz: Substantive, Attributive, and Predicative terms. Now substantive elements may perform five distinct offices in a proposition, viz : 1. The Subjective. 2. The Predicative. 5. The Adjunctive. 199. A substantive element is used subjectively when it constitutes the subject of a proposition, i. e., that of which the affirmative is made; |