112. In participial clauses, the predicative term is usually an active participle. Sometimes, however, passive participles are thus used; as "(Saw) the bird killed." " (Heard) the book (Found) the city burned."

read."

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REMARK. The passive participial clause has a much more extensive use in Latin than in English. All constructions termed in the grammars the" ablative absolute," nearly all "gerundive "expressions, and some others, where the passive participle is used, are really passive participial clauses, and should be so considered. Thus: "Imperatore deleéto." "A commander having been chosen." "Ad imperatorem deligendum." "For a commander's being chosen." "De imperatore deligendo." "Concerning a commander's being chosen." "Post imperatorem delectum." "After the commander's having been chosThese are literal translations, and make, in most cases, fair English. All except the first are adjunctive participial clauses. (111.)

en."

113. The substantive term in a participial clause, as in the case of the infinitive clause, is sometimes omitted, when it refers to the same person as the subject of the principal verb; as, "He was charged with (himself) having acted falsely." "He was convicted of (himself) having deserted to the enemy."

114. NOTE 1. Participial clauses are sometimes introduced by an expletive; as," It being now daylight, (we departed)." "(Am certain) of its being reported that he was present." "There being a large force present, (the enemy fled)."

115. NOTE 2. Participial clauses may sometimes be interchanged for infinitive, or demonstrative clauses, without very materially modifying the sense. Thus "(Sees) that the army moves." "(Sees) the army (to) move." "(Sees) the army moving."

Hence, a participial clause in the Greek, may often be best rendered by an infinitive in Latin, or by a demonstrative in English.

116. REMARK. The participial clause is one of the most useful elements in language. Possessing, as it does, the valuable qualities of brevity, force and perspicuity, it has found extensive use in the Latin, while in the Greek, its employment is more frequent than that of any other substantive clause. Some grammarians discourage its use in the English, particularly those forms of it where, for the sake of perspicuity, it violates the rules of grammar in its anomalous use of the possessive case. (109) We have no sympathy with this treatment of it. On the contrary, we regard the possessive participial clause, as one of the most valuable English constructions; brief and sententious in verbal expression, and sanctioned, in point of propriety, by our most elegant English writers.

EXERCISE 11.-Define the elements. Classify the wordforms.

ILLUSTRATION. "Heard the band playing."

"Heard" is a predicative word-form.

"The band playing " is a participial clause-form, of which "the" is an attributive word-form; "band" is the substantive term of the word-form, and "playing" is the predicative term of the word-form.

"The birds were heard singing."

"The birds singing" is a participial clause-form, of which "the" is an attributive word-form; "birds" is the substantive term of the wordform, and "singing" is the predicative term of the word-form. heard" is a predicative word-form.

"Prevented his coming."

"Prevented" is a predicative word-form.

"Was

"His coming" is à participial clause-form of which "His" is the sub

stantive term of the phrase-form, (69) and "coming" is the predicative term of the word-form.

"They arriving, we departed."

"They arriving" is a participial clause, of which "they" is the substantive term, and "arriving" is the predicative term. "We" is a substantive word-form. "Departed" is a predicative word-form.

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"Spoke of their arriving."

Spoke" is a predicative word-form.

"Of their arriving" is an adjunctive participial clause-form, of which "of" is the relation-word, "their" is the substantive term of the phraseform, (69) and “arriving" is the predicative term of the word-form.

1. Saw them coming. 2. Saw them come. 3. Saw that they were coming. 4. They were seen to come. 5. They were seen coming. 6, He spoke of their coming. 7. It is not best for them to come. 8. It is not best that they should come. 9. They were believed to be coming. 10. Are you certain of their having come? 11. Encouraged them to come. 12. Encouraged their coming. 13. They coming, we remained. 14. Was the moon seen rising? 15. Saw the army defeated. 16. Commanded the order to be read. 17. The command that the order should be read. 18. Made him read the order. 19. He was made to read the order. 20. Prevented the order's being read. 21. Said that this had been spoken of. 22. Spoke of your having a carriage to ride in. 23. "His preferring the Garden of Eden, showed that the poet had that delightful scene in his mind."-Addison. 24. Satan's clothing himself with terror, is truly sublime."-Idem. 25. "Jacob stole away unawares to Laban, the Syrian, in that he told him not that he fled."-Gen. 26. "In the large Ruben's room, at Munich, there are two pictures of Michael subduing (105) the revolted angels." 27. The earthquake destroyed only those living in the city." 28. "St. Peter raising Petronilla from the sick bed, is one of the subjects by Masaccio."

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Write fifteen sentences; five, containing nominative, five, possessive, and five, objective participial clauses.

SEC. VI.-THE RELATIVE CLAUSE.

117. Relative clauses are such as ative, (39) or a relative phrase; as,

are introduced by a rel(Men) whom I saw."

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