15.

17.

the magnitude of the Earth. 13. A quantity three fold too small. 14. Lived many generations before our time. Went a little in advance. 16. Follows close behind me. A castle standing fast by the stream. 18. Swims just below the surface. 19. Monuments one hundred feet in height. 20. Cost ten dollars. 21. Weighs forty pounds. 22. A cannon ball forty pounds in weight. 23. Swore an awful oath. 24. Was worth a thousand dollars. 25. Ships of many tons burthen.

26. Æsop's fables were written four hundred and fifty years before Christ. 27. Such as give ear to slanderers are but one degree better themselves. 28. "We are justly amazed at the stupendous magnitude of the Sun, which is a thousand. times the size of Jupiter."-Dr. Dick.

29. "Life's little stage is a small eminence

Inch-high the grave above, that home of man."-Young.

SEC. VI.—THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL ELEMENT.
MEANS AND INSTRUMENT.

681. The Circumstantial Adverb expresses some fact or circumstance connected with the predicate

It may

be di

vided into,

1. Means and Instrument.

2. Specification.

3. Concomitance.

682. Means, as its name indicates, expresses the medium, (i. e, mediumship or means,) or the something which stands between the doer and the thing done, whereby anything is accomplished; as, "Fabius conquered by delay." "Supports his family by labor."

683. When this element refers to some material object which is employed by an intelligent agent, it is usually termed Instrument; as, "He cuts with a knife." "Killed with a

cannon ball.”

684. Means must be carefully distinguished from Antecedent Cause. The former always refers to an agent or actor either expressed or implied; the latter involves no such relationship; as, Was destroyed by famine," (Cause.) "Was destroyed by the sword," (Means.)

685. Means must be carefully distinguished from Supply. The former is merely the medium for the accomplishment of a given end; the 1ster is never used thus. Thus, "They load the wagons with shovels." (Means or Instruments.) "They load the wagons with gravel." (Supply.)

66. The word-form is an adverb; as, "Things mentally seen." (seen with the mind."

687. The phrase-form takes the relation-words by, with, and sometimes in and at; as, He amuses himself in gardening.” The Almighty desolates a

nation at a blast."

688. The clause-form is commonly a Part, or a Rel. Indef. (adjunc.) clanse; They fought with whatever reapons they had." "The fort was taken by the soldiers leaping the parapets."

as.

689. Adjective Elements are found here: as, "A hand saw.” (=driven by the hand) "A steam engine." (=propelled by steam.) "A water wheel." (revolved by water.) A wind instrument.' (=operated by wind.)

MODELS FOR ANALYSIS.-"Saved his life by kind care and

attention."

An element of the Cx. W-f. "Saved" is the B. of the S. V-f. and modified by his life," an Obj. El. of the Cx. W-f. denoting DIR. SUF'G OBJ.; of which "life" is the B. and modifiied by "his," an Adj. El. of the S. W-f. denoting CONNECTION.

"Saved his life' is a second B. and modified by the remainder, an Adv. El. of the Cx. and Cd. P-f. denoting MEANS.

By care and attention" is the B. and modified by "kind," an Adj. El. of the S. W-f. denoting INTELLECTUAL QUALITY.

66

Fought with whatever weapons they met with.”

An element of the Cx. W-f. Fought" is the B. of the S. V-f. and medified by the remainder, an Adv. El. of the Rel. Indef. C-f. (adjunc.) denoting MEANS.

They" is the Subj. and "met with whatever weapons" is the Pred. an element of the Cx. W-f.; of which "met" is the B. of the S. V-f, and modified by "with whatever weapons," an Adj. El. of the Cx. P-f. denoting OBJ. OF ASSOCIATION.

"With weapons" is the B. and modified by "whatever," an Adj. El. of the S. W-f. denoting DESCRIPTION.

"Amuses himself in reading."

An element of the Cx. W-f; of which "Amuses" is the B. of the S. V-f. and modified by "himself," an Obj. El of the S. W-f. denoting DIR. SUFG ОВЈЕСТ.

"Amuses himself" is a second B. and modified by "in reading," an Adv. El. of the S. P-f. denoting MEANS.

EXERCISE 85.-Analyze and define the Elements.

1. Smoothed with a plane. 2. Cut with a knife. 3. Lives with is friends. 4. Swore with an oath 5. Found fault with you. 6. Engraved with figures. 7. Talked with me.