35. The following expressions have the force of mere relationwords, viz: as regards, according to, despite of, on account of, over against, in respect to, in place of, in lieu of, instead of, in case of, in conformity with, round about, on account of, for the sake of, for the purpose of, out of. EXERCISE 4.-Distinguish the different kinds of significant words, the connectives, and the relation-words, in the following. Note those words which are used out of their cation. proper signifi Up, on, upon, about, lest, side, beside, be, not, with, standing, notwithstanding, under, understanding, either, until, till, since, touch, touching me, he said touching the affair, cause, causing, decay, because, respect, respectable, remarked respecting the case, concern, was concerned, spoke concerning the war, this thing concerned me, yonder, beyond, goes a fishing, a fishing voyage, the building of the ships, they man the ships, cried out from above, over against the stone bridge, according to my view, went instead of you, walked round about Boston, argued in conformity with reason, sound the brass bell, broke a glass goblet, went for the sake of seeing the city, angry because of me, out of doors. SEC. V.-RELATIVE-WORDS. 36. We have seen that all words either express thoughts, connect thoughts, or show the relationship of different thoughts. Now some words perform two of these offices, viz: express thoughts and connect thoughts at the same time. These words are termed Relatives. 37. A RELATIVE, therefore, is a word which combines the offices of a significant word and a connective word. Thus, "He built a house, in which he lived"—"He built a house and in it he lived." Here which is equivalent to and-it; that is, a substantive and a connective. 38. NOTE. These words are termed relatives, because they relate or refer to a substantive, called the antecedent. Thus house, in the above example is the antecedent of the following relative. Sometimes, however, these words have no antecedents, as, "Did what he wished."" 39. Relative words are divided into, 1. Relative pronouns. 4. Relative conjunctions. 40, The RELATIVE PRONOUNS are who, whose, whom, which, what; and the compounds: whoever, whosoever, whatever, whatsoever, whichever, whichsoever, &c. 41. The demonstrative that (20) is sometimes used as a relative, as: "The same man that I saw." So, likewise, the connective as, by reason of an ellipsis (20), has often the force of a relative; as, "Such persons as I never saw before." 42. The RELATIVE ADVERBS, are: where, whence, whither, when, while or whilst, why, how; and the compounds of where, with the relation words: at, by, for (fore), from, in, into, by, on, to, into, under, upon, with, as, whereat, wherefore, &c. 43. NOTE. The relative adverbs are always equivalent to relative phrases, (67), as, "The place where in which." "The time when at which." "The reason why on account of (35) which." So" whereby= by which," "wherewith with which." 44. The RELATIVE ADJECTIVES, are: which, what, and the compounds of the same with ever and soever; as, "To what place," "In which time." 45. The only RELATIVE CONJUNCTION is whether, as, " Don't know whether he will come? The subordinate connective if, is however, often used for whether; as, “Asked if he was there." 46. INTERROGATIVES. Relatives when used in asking questions are termed interrogatives; as, "Who comes?" "Whence are you?" "In what place do you live?" "Whether of them twain did the will of his father?" 47. INDEFINITES. Relatives compounded with ever and soever, and the simple relative what, (when not interrogative,) since they usually refer to what is indefinite or general, are termed indefinite relatives; as, "Does what he pleases." So, also, any simple relative form, when ever, and soever, are really implied; as, "I will speak to whom (soever) I wish." 48. NOTE 1. Interrogative and indefinite relatives, never properly take antecedents (38.) Indefinites are sometimes used for simple adjective relatives, and then, of course, have antecedents. |