64. A CLAUSE-FORM consists of a substantive term and a predicative term logically connected, but not making complete sense; "If he come," as, "Think him to be noble," "Because they went."

NOTE. The following abbreviations may be used to designate more conveniently these three "classes" of Logical Elements, viz: W. f., Wordform; P. f., Phrase-form; C. f., Clause-form.

SEC. II.-THE WORD-FORM.

65. We have seen that a word-form consists of a single significant word. Hence, only the significant parts of speech (19) can be word-forms, in the present meaning of this term. Hence, likewise, relation-words, and connective-words, unless they gain a significance by use, (20) cannot be word-forms; so the words it and there, when used as expletives merely. Interjections, also, since they never constitute an organic element of a sentence, are not considered word-forms.

REMARK. An expletive is a word, usually it or there, often used to introduce a proposition when the subject of the same is an infinitive, or a clause, or when for other reasons it is placed after the verb; as," It is wrong to steal." "It is said that he was honest." "There were many persons in the place."

The adverb now sometimes has the force of an expletive merely; as, "Now Herod was dead."

66. The various combinations used to express voice, mode and tense are considered as word-forms merely, as, " Am loved," "Shall be loved," "Shall have been loved," "Might have been loved," &c. So also, when the auxiliaries of emphasis, do and did are used, as, "Do love," "Did love."

So, likewise the Infinitive, though always preceded by the preposition to, is considered a word-form, since the particle to in this case expresses no relation (63) whatever, and is as much a characteristic of the infinitive, as may or can is of the potential mode.

67. Among the various varieties of word-forms, it is sometimes convenient to designate,

(1.) Demonstrative word-forms, (50); as, "This," "that," "those," &c.

(2) Relative word-forms, (37); as, "Which," "what," &c.

verbal sign. Term" may be a significant word, a phrase or a clause, considered always as an element; or any logical combination of words, used as an organic constituent of a larger combination.

(3.) Participial word-forms; as, "Loving," "going," "riding," &c. (4.) The Infinitive word-form; as, "To study," to learn." (5.) Conjunctive word-forms; i. e., those introduced by subordinate connectives, (30); as, 66 Came as leader." "More nice

than wise."

EXERCISE 7.-Distinguish the word-forms in the following. Point out such as are relative, demonstrative, participial, or conjunctive word-forms.

We, as, of, going, when, from, this, and, men, wise, if, he, since, with, me, oh! works, how, then, among, wherefore, but, come, thither, whom, thus, without, alas! over, writing, good, nobly, thereupon, whereat, those, while, lest, as, if, while. There was a

man. It is evident that the world grows better. The heavens above. A noise from below. Up, cowards! An under garment. The above statement. Was studying. (66) He might have been punished. Did he come? Has he arrived? Began to study. Should he have been studying?

SEC. III.-THE PHRASE-FORM.

68. A PHRASE-FORM, as we have seen, consists of a substantive term and a relation-word logically connected; as, "Of Wisdom," "To me," "By which."

REMARK. Words are logically connected when so combined as to make sense. Thus, "by reads," "among him", "around wise," are mechanical and not logical combinations.

69. The possessive case, since it always involves an idea of relationship, expressed by the possessive ending, is considered a phrase-form. Thus, "Solomon's temple""The temple of Solomon."

70. REMARK. In other languages, as the Latin and the Greek, several inflections, or case endings, are thus used. Thus, while homo means a “man,” hominis means "of a man," homini" to or for a man," and homine, “with, from, or by a man.” In the Laplandish tongue there are six different case endings, expressing as many different relations. Thus, what our language accomplishes by separate words (propositions) another performs by mere inflections.

71. NOTE 1. The relation-word, in a phrase-form, as a matter of grammatical construction, should always immediately precede the substantive term. Hence the word preposition, from the Latin prae and pono, signifies placed before. Sometimes however, for rhetorical effect, or from a necessity of the metre in poetry, the relation-word immediately follows the substantive with which it is logically combined; as, "Thy deep ravines and dells among."-Scott. The thing is known all the

"orld over."-Walker.